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of Alkyl PRE-LAB EXERCISE: Predict the outcomes of the two sets of exper to be c

ID: 558996 • Letter: O

Question

of Alkyl PRE-LAB EXERCISE: Predict the outcomes of the two sets of exper to be carried out with the 11 halides used in this chapter. The alkyl halides, R-X (where X - Cl, Br, I, and sometimes F), play a central role in organic synthesis. These can easily be prepared from, among others, alcohols alkenes, and, industrially, alkanes. In turn, they are the starting materials for the synthesis of a large number of new functional groups. The syntheses are often carried out by nucleophilic substitution reactions in which the halide is replaced by another group such as cyano, hydroxyl, ether, ester, and alkyl the list is long. As a consequence of the importance of this substitution reaction, it has been studied carefully by using reactions such as the two used in this chapter. Some of the questions that can be asked are as follows: How does the structure of the alkyl part of the alkyl halide affect the reaction? What is the effect of changing the.. nature of the halide? nature of the solvent? relative concentrations of the reactants? temperature of the reaction? nature of the nucleophile? . In this chapter, we explore the answers to some of these questions. In free radical reactions, the covalent bond undergoes homolysis when it breaks,

Explanation / Answer

1. It depends on the mechanism of reaction whether it is sN1 or sN2. If it is sN1 reactivity order would be tert.-C>sec-C>pri-C. If it is sN2 reactivity order would be pri-C>sec-C>tert-C

2. A. Since I- is good leaving group therefore reactivity of alkyl halide having lower halogen will be more then that having corresponding above halogen. Therefore reactivity would be RI>RBr>RCl>RF.

B. Polar protic solvent favours sN1 type reaction whereas polar aprotic solvent favours sN2 type reaction.

C. In sN1 type reaction, reaction is dependent on conc. of alkyl halide only but in sN2 type reaction, reaction is dependent on conc of both alkyl halide and attacking nucleophile.

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