Textbook (Raven Biology of Plants, 8th editions) 1. Introduction; pp. 558–559; e

Question

Textbook (Raven Biology of Plants, 8th editions)

1.   Introduction; pp. 558–559; easy

Discuss the various functions of roots.

2.   Root Systems; p. 559; easy

Distinguish between the root systems of monocots and those of eudicots.

3.   Origin and Growth of Primary Tissues; pp. 560-562; moderate

List the functions of the rootcap.

4.   Origin and Growth of Primary Tissues; p. 562; moderate

Compare and contrast open and closed types of root apical organization.

5.   Origin and Growth of Primary Tissues; pp. 562-563; difficult

What is a quiescent center? Explain how a quiescent center can be inactive under certain conditions but active under others.

6.   Origin and Growth of Primary Tissues; pp. 563-564; moderate

List the three growth regions of the root, and describe the events that are characteristic of each. Give examples to show that the regions are not sharply delimited.

7.   Primary Structure; pp. 564–569; moderate

Trace the movement of an ion from the soil to the center of a root, listing all tissues through which the ion must pass.

8.   Primary Structure; p. 565; moderate

Describe the composition and precise location of Casparian strips.

9.   Primary Structure; pp. 565–568; difficult

Explain the role of the endodermis in regulating the movement of substances into and out of the root’s vascular cylinder. How does the structure of the endodermis change over time?

10.   Primary Structure; p. 569; moderate

What is the pericycle? What are some of its functions?

11.   Effect of Secondary Growth on the Primary Body of the Root; pp. 569–570; difficult

Describe the process by which the activity of the vascular cambium results in an increase in root diameter.

12.   Origin of Lateral Roots; p. 571; difficult

Describe the process by which lateral roots arise. What is the advantage for the plant of lateral roots arising endogenously rather than exogenously?

13.   Aerial Roots and Air Roots; pp. 572, 573; moderate

What is the difference between an aerial root and an air root? Give some examples of each.

14.   Adaptations for Food Storage: Fleshy Roots; pp. 573–575; moderate

Describe some of the adaptations for food storage in roots.

Explanation / Answer

1.various functions of the roots;

Absorption of water and inorganic neutrients ,Anchoring of the plant body to the ground and supporting it, Storage of the food and neutrients , Vegetative reproduction .

2. monocots and edicots ;

monocots ; all species have the one cotyledon ,leaf veneation mostly parallel, fibrous root system, pollen garin has only one furrow

Edicots ; they have two cotyledons , leaf veneation is reticulate , tricoplate pollen grain , typical tap root system.

3. functions of root cap ;

root cap is a small structure at the tip of the root ,it is also called calyptra . function of the root cap is to cover and protect the cells at the end of the root of the plant .It assists in the growth ,It secrets the lubricant that enables the better movement through the soil .statocysts in the tissue helps the plant s ingravity perception as it is growing .

4. Open and closed type of the apical organisation;

open apical meristems do not have specific boundaries between the some tissues in the growing tissues ,no specific identfiable cells intial cells so there is no connection lineage .closed type of apical meristems have the disticnt boundaries ,have specific intials to which cells make up the roots and body are connected by the lineage .

5.Quiscent roots ;

they are meant to maintain cells to niche togather with ssurrounding stem cells .it plays an importanat role in the absorption of the phosphrous an d nitrogen interaction .it plays an imporatant role in the altering the meristem activity causing the diffrentation and therfore determining growth programe .

6. three growth regions of the roots;

meristem ; the plant tissues which consists of the totipotent cells which helps in growth of the cell , germination ; the begining of the vegetation or growth from the seed or spore ,radicle ; rudimentary shoot of the plant that supports the cotyledons in theseeds

7.water enters through the root hair cells , then moves across into the xylem tissues into the center of the root ,then it reaches the endodermis , then it encounters the thick strip called casparian

8. casparian strip is a band of the cell wall meaterial deposited on the radicle and transverse wall of the endodermis and chemichally different from the rest of the cell wall . it is made up of the suberin ,it is a part of the primary cell wall

10. pericycle and what are its fucntions ;

pericylce is the cylinder of the parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells that lies inside the endodermis . It has capacity to produce thelateral roots .

11. It is called the secondary growth ,vascular cambium is located between the xylem and pholem of the root and stem of the vascul;ar plant . It helps in the inward growth of the xylem and pholem ,it is a cylinder of the unspecialized cells that divide to give rise to form the secondary tissues ,this function helps in the increase of root diameter

14. adaptations of the storage roots

theyhave the tissue whi ch can conduit water containg the neutrients

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