The Plant Cell: Labs 2 1. Be able to identify chloroplasts, chromoplasts and amy

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The Plant Cell: Labs 2

1. Be able to identify chloroplasts, chromoplasts and amyloplasts. Also know function and what tissue/organ of the plant they would be found in.

2. Locate cell wall, vacuole, cytoplasm and nucleus.

3. How is a primary wall formed? Know the sequence of “cellular barriers” that exist as a substance moves from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell.

4. Know the basic steps for microscope calibration and how to make a scale bar.

Cell Division, Cell Expansion and Growth: Lab 5

1. Be able to identify chromosomes, phragmoplast, cell plate and the different phases of mitosis in the onion root tip.

2. List two places an apical meristem is found in the plant body.  Where are lateral meristems found?

3. Draw the cell cycle and indicate what events occur in each part. Does a cell spend most of its time in interphase? Why?

4. Is interphase part of mitosis? Define mitosis.

5. How does cell expansion happen?

Photosynthesis: Lab 6

1. What is the equation for respiration and photosynthesis? What is the Hill reaction?

2. Draw the thylakoid membrane with photosystems and indicate how/why DCPIP becomes clear under light conditions. Why does the solution stay blue in the dark?

3. Why does DCMU and DBMIB help us to understand where in the transport system electrons are being collected by DCPIP?

4. What is the purpose of electron transfer in the light reaction?

Respiration: Lab 7

1. Draw out the mitochondria and indicate the flow of electrons and of hydrogen ions in the production of ATP.

2. Indicate where the stages of respiration occur in the mitochondria. Know the general events of these stages.

3. In the seed, which tissues stained pink with the tetrazolium test? Why?

4. What was the expected effect of KCN on respiration?

5. After using the tetrazolium test, why is there little pink color on roots, stems and leaves when compared to those in seed?

Culture Lab

1. How does one prevent contamination in culture? Could these steps kill the explant?

2. Why do we culture plants in this manner?

Chap 9 and 10

1. Be able to tell if you are looking at a stem, root or leaf or if it is a monocot or dicot in a prepared microscope slide.

2. What are the two general types of root morphologies? What is the advantage to each?

3. In roots be able to identify pericycle, endodermis, vascular cell types, root hairs, pith and cortex. What is the function of each?

4. Be able to recognize general morphological features of a stem: nodes, internodes, buds ect. Also, the stem tip long. section: axillary buds, leaf primordia etc.

5. In the stem cross-section (dicot) where are the collenchyma and fiber cells located? What is the function of these cell types? Do you see vessels and tracheids in the vascular tissue? What is the vascular cambium? Where is it located?

6. In the monocot x-section do you see any sclerenchyma? What is the function of this tissue?

7. Know the common stem and root modifications.

Chap 11 and 12

1. What are the three parts to a leaf?

2. Since there are simple, compound and doubly compound leaves, how can one tell if they are looking at a stem or a leaf?

3. Be able to identify epidermal cells and stomata in a leaf peel.

4. Know all cell/tissue types covered and how you can tell a monocot from a dicot leaf cross-section.

5. Know the leaf modifications covered in lab.

6. Know how to determine the age of a piece of cut wood and a tree branch. What are lenticles, leaf scars, terminal bud scars etc.?

7. What is the periderm? How does it form?

8. What is bark? How does it form?

9. A synonymous term for wood is ________ ____________.

10. Annual rings are created by…..?

11. Be able to identify tracheids and vessels in x and long. section.

12. Do conifers have vessels? What is the advantage to having vessels? Is there a disadvantage?

13. What are wood and phloem rays comprised of? What is their function?

14. Be able to identify vessels, tracheids and rays in x-sec, tangential sec and radial sec. Also be able to tell me what type of section you are looking at.

Chap 13

1. Understand the outcome and the reasoning behind stomatal opening and closure in response to ABA and high solute levels (sucrose).

2. Why was it important to use two leaves similar in size in the transpiration experiment?

3. What trends did you see in your data? Was it consistent with what was expected?

4. Describe the flow of water and nutrients as they gain access to the xylem.

5. Be able to explain how water potential drives this flow up the plant body.

Explanation / Answer

1. Chloroplasts (organelle found in plants and algae) are bounded by a double membrane, which have an outer and inner membrane. The inner space is called “stroma,” which contains concentrated enzymes and disc-like sacs called “thylakoids.” The lump of thylakoids is called “granum.” Thylakoid membrane contains the pigments (such as chlorophyll) which capture the solar energy and stroma contains the enzymes which are essential for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts appear green in colour due to the presence of chlorophyll.

Amyloplasts actively participate in synthesis and storage of starch granules by glucose polymerization. They appear colourless because they do not contain pigments. They also convert starch back into sugar if plant needs energy.

Chromoplasts (plastids) are heterogenous organelles found in photosynthetic eukaryotes, they synthesise and store pigments.

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