this is a completely different type of lab than any we have done this semester.

Question

this is a completely different type of lab than any we have done this semester. I have emailed my professor with no response yet. any help on where to start or an example of the first couple of steps would be greatly appreciated!

reaction. In the table below Indicate the free energy change as one of the following: ++, +, --, where ++ indicates a large Increase in free energy and -Indicates a large decrease in free energy. Glycolysis, and in particular the last step of glycolysis, Is described as being irreversible. Do you know why? Click on the "Barriers" link on the left to see why Put the name of the enzyme in the Enzyme column. Provide a brief explanation for each part of the enzyme's name in the Nomenclature column. For example, the enzyme called peroxidase will cut (-ase) hydrogen peroxide. You may have to Google (or Wikipedia) some of these. Some of the steps require energy or produce energy in the form of ATP or NADH. In the Energy (+/-) column, list any energy molecules (and how many) that are used or produced during b. c. d. 3 th docReader

Explanation / Answer

Step PE Enzyme Nomenclature Energy (+/-) Description 1. Phosphorylation hexokinase phosphorylates hexoses - Glucose was converted into glucose-6-phosphate by taking a phosphate from ATP and adding it to the 6th carbon of the glucose. This was catalyzed by hexokinase. 2. Isomerization phosphoglucose isomerase Glucose phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate is converted into fructose-6-phosphate by isomerization reaction, converting an aldose into a ketose. This was catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerase. 3. Phosphorylation(II) hexokinase phosphorylates hexoses - Fructose-6-phosphate is converted into fructose-1,6-biphosphate by taking a phosphate from ATP and adding it to the 1st carbon. This is catalyzed by hexokinase. 4. Cleavage aldolase fructose biphosphate Fructose-1,6-biphosphate splits into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Both are triose phosphate. This was catalyzed by aldolase (fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase) 5. Isomerization of triose triosephosphate isomerase glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate aldose-ketose One of the triose group, i.e. dihydroxyacetone phosphate converts into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. This was catalyzed by triosephosphate isomerase. 6. First energy-rich compound glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (NAD+ oxidoreductase) + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized by coenzyme NAD+ and phosphorylated by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to give 1,3-biphosphoglycerate. 7. Formation of first ATP phosphoglycerate kinase 3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phospho + 1,3-biphosphoglycerate transfers a phosphate to ADP to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate. This process is called substrate level phosphorylation. This was catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase. 8. Formation of 2-phosphoglycerate phosphoglycerate mutase 2,3-diphosphoglycerate The phosphate group of 3-phosphoglycerate transfers from carbon 3 to carbon 2 to yield 2-phosphoglycerate. This was catalyzed by phosphoglycerate mutase. 9. Second energy-rich compound enolase 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro 2-phosphoglycerate removes water to yield phosphoenolpyruvate. This was catalyzed by enolase. 10. Formation of second ATP pyruvate kinase pyruvate 2-O-phospho + pyruvate kinase catalyzes phosphoenolpyruvate to form pyruvate. And 1 ATP is formed.

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