Case Study Scenario Billy DeWitt was a normal, full-term baby at birth. Beginnin

Question

Case Study Scenario Billy DeWitt was a normal, full-term baby at birth. Beginning at about 10 months of age, Billy suffered from a series of infectious processes such as sinusitis, otitis media, and pneumonia. All of these conditions were successfully treated with antibiotics, but within a few weeks of the resolution of one infection, another would occur Now at about four years of age, Billy is examined by a pediatrician who notes that Billy lacks palatine tonsils, although he does not have a history of tonsillectomy. Questioning of Billy's mother reveals that she had two male relatives who died in infancy from infectious disease. The physician orders laboratory tests that reveal that the quantity of immunoglobulin in Billy's serum is about one-fifth of normal, and that there is a marked deficiency in the number of circulating B-lymphocytes in Billy's blood. Tests to determine the functional state of Billy's T- lymphocytes are all normal Questions 1. What are the differences between nonspecific and specific (immunity) body defenses? In what tissue do B- and T-lymphocytes originate and what are the two steps involved in lymphocyte "maturation"? Describe the two “arms" of immunity Define the term antigen and state which class of organic molecules make the best antigens, and why What are the five classes of antibody? 2. 3- 4. 5.

Explanation / Answer

Lymphocytes are immune cells found in lymph, to which they owe their name. They are of 3 types:- T-cells, B-cells and NK cells. The B -cells or B-lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow while the T-lymphocytes originate in the Thymus cells. Their name is due to their origin.

Lymphocyte maturation:-

The process of lymphocyte maturation occurs during haematopoiesis and is known as lymphopoiesis......

Their are several types of blood cells present inside the bone marrow------>divide-----> one such cell is known as lymphoid progenitor cells--------divide------> from this lymphoid stem cells are generated------->divide-----> some of these cells move to intestine------> in a region known as Peyer's patches ------->divide----->their they mature into B-cells.

------> for T-cell(see bold region above)-------> some of these move through blood to thymus---->divide-----> their they mature into T-cells----->

Then B and T-cells come into blood------> T-cells move to spleen and lymph nodes------ stored here------> on attack of antigen-----> they come out---->and divide into effector T-cells and memory T-cells------> effector T-cells further differentiate into TH cells, Tc cells

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