How does the Ectoderm become both the skin and the brain? How are both Mesenchym
ID: 64678 • Letter: H
Question
How does the Ectoderm become both the skin and the brain?How are both Mesenchyme cells and epithelial cells important in neurulation?
How are cadherin molecules important?
Compare and contrast primary and secondary neurulation. How does the Ectoderm become both the skin and the brain?
How are both Mesenchyme cells and epithelial cells important in neurulation?
How are cadherin molecules important?
Compare and contrast primary and secondary neurulation.
How are both Mesenchyme cells and epithelial cells important in neurulation?
How are cadherin molecules important?
Compare and contrast primary and secondary neurulation.
Explanation / Answer
1)
The “ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm” are the three layers that develop during gastrulation, and later these layers develop into various functional tissues. Ectoderm is the outermost tissue. The skin and nervous system will be developed from the ectoderm.
In frogs and humans, the first step in gastrulation is an invagination known as the blastopore on one side of the blastula. Cells move into the blastopore in a sheet, forming the endoderm and mesoderm layers of the gastrula. The outside surface layer will form the ectoderm.
Neurulation is the third stage of embryonic development of vertebrates, where the notochord and neural tube are formed. The developing notochord is responsible for induction, where cells stimulate the differentiation of nearby cells. This process causes the overlying ectoderm to differentiate into the neural plate. The notochord is developed into the spinal cord, whereas the neural tube is developed into the brain.
3)
Cadherins are transmembrane proteins with about 720 to 750 amino acids. These polypeptides have a large extracellular part with short cytoplasmic and transmembrane components. They are responsible for the adhesion of neighboring cells as well as the recognition of the adjacent cells.
Development of cadherins involves two stages: one is the formation of E-cadherin and the other is the formation of N-cadherin.
Early developmental stage involves E-cadherins (early). Development of neural plates is the next step in the cadherin diversity, this result in the expression of the N-cadherin (neural). During the expression of the N-cadherin the levels of E-cadherins depletes.
As discussed earlier that cadherins reside some part of it in the cytoplasm, diversity in this cytoplasmic region of the cadherins results in imparting the specificity of the cadherins towards the cytoplasmic components. This can be proved by the interaction of cadherins with the catenins and actin filaments.
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