Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible and where

Question

Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible and where appropriate include a specific example to illustrated. Answer the question in essay form (not as an outline or as bullets) using complete sentences. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers, but a diagram alone without appropriate discussion will not be adequate for full credit. Cite sources of information you used to answer the questions or that support your answer.

27. Describe how the first and second lines of defense of your innate immune system can protect you from an influenza A infection. Recall from week 7 course content topic “About Influenza Viruses” that influenza is a respiratory disease. Be specific about the tissues, cells, and processes involved and as related to influenza or other respiratory viral diseases. You might find "The Innate Immune System Study Guide" in course Module 5 helpful.

Note: Please read all the instructions especially the citation requirement of a complete and proper citation of where you got the information for your answer.

Explanation / Answer

Innate immune responses are present in person by birth and are encoded genetically. Innate immune responses against influenza virus include the following:

Mucins, gp-340, and Pentraxins: These three molecules are present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. They inhibit influenza virus by binding the virus to their decoy sialic acid ligands.The effectiveness of these molecules depend on the number of (2,3) versus (2,6) sialic acid ligands they display. The molecules probably work by inhibiting the neuraminidase from freeing the hemagglutinin of virus. Further, mucins and gp-340 makes the virus aggregate and clear them

Collectins: They are collagenous lectin molecules in mucous secretions that can recognize carbohydrates specifically present on virus surface

Complement: Mannose binding lectins bind to mannose containing carbohydrates on virus, activate complement, and prime T-cytotoxic cells against the virus

Defensins: They are cationic antimicrobial peptides produced by neutrophils (-defensins) epithelial cells (-defensins). Defensins make the virus aggregate and promote their uptake by neutrophils

Toll like receptor-7 (TLR-7) belong to pattern recognition receptors which specifically recognize the influenza virus ssRNA in the endosomes. TLR-7 bound to viral nucleic acid activates MyD88, which further activates Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6). This leads to activation of B cells

Related Questions

Navigate

• Browse (All)
• Browse A
• Subjects

Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.