37. Define and explain the importance of gluconeogenesis 38. Define and explain
ID: 715621 • Letter: 3
Question
37. Define and explain the importance of gluconeogenesis 38. Define and explain the importance of ketogenesis 39. Define the central dogma of molecular biology. Define transcription and translation 40. Explain what is DNA and its organization inside the nucleus. 41. What are the basic chemical compounds of the DNA? 42. List the purines and the pyrimidines. How do they bind to one another? 43. Regarding transcription, explain the role of RNA polymerase, promoter and chain- terminating sequence. 44. How does the RNA travel to the cytoplasm? 45. Explain the main functions of the five kinds of RNA. 46. What is a gene? How is a genetic code organized? 47. Define codons 48. Explain briefly translation. Where does it occur? What kinds of RNA are involved? What is the role of role of the ribosome, mRNA and tRNA? What is an anticodon? 49. What is the name of the linkage between two amino acids? 50. What is a start codon? What is a stop codon? 51. Describe what happens in the following phases of replication Go, G1, G2 and S. 52. What is the role of the complex of DNA polvmerases?Explanation / Answer
37) Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results the generation of glucose from non carbohydrate substrate like proteins, lipids,etc. In vertebrates the process takes place in the liver and kidney under certain conditions. This process is highly endergonic so it is coupled with hydrolysis of ATP or GTP to make the process exergonic.
Important: 1) It maintain the glucose concentration in the body when sufficient carbohydrate is not available. Avoids hypoglycemia (low level of sugar).
2) maintain the concentration of intermediate of citruc acid cycle when fatty acid are the source of acetyl CoA in the tissues.
3) it removes the lactate produced by muscles and glycerol produced by adipose tissues.
In gluconeogenesis many steps are reverse of thsoe in glycolysis.
38) Ketogenesis- It is a biochemical process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids.
Importance- Ketogenesis occurs to maintain the low level of glucose in the blood after the excessive use of cellular carbohydrate store. It can also take place when there is a deficiency of insulin in ketogenic stress.
39) Central dogma of molecular biology is the detailed description of two seperate process- transcription and translation by which the information of gene flows and gets incorporated in the proteins which are synthesized by these processes DNA to RNA to Protein.
Transcription is the process of synthesis of RNA from a segment of DNA where the DNA double helix seperates and one of the parent segment is copied by RNA polymerase.This process occurs inside the nucleus.
Translation is the process to synthesize the protein after the transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell. The tranlslation process takes place in the ribosome that is in the cytoplasmic region. The entire process is called GENE EXPRESSION.
40) DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid is composed of two monomeric units, called nucleotides which forms a double helix structure bound together by hydrogen bonds. The functional part of DNA is a gene which carries genetic expression used in growth, development and reproduction of living organisms. Each nuckeinucle are composed of four nitrogen containing base,( Cytosine Guanine Adenine and Thymine) , a sugar unit called deoxyribose and a phospapho group. These nitrogenous bases of two seperate nucleotide strands are held together by hydrogen bonding according to Chargaff rule, where Adenine form double hydrogen bind with thymiTh and cytosine forms triple hydrogen bond with Guanine.
The helical DNA strand forms a highly coiled structure, called chromosome. These strands of chromosomes have much larger diameter than that of nucleus, hence they are further wrapped around histone proteins. The entire complex is known as chromatin.
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