1. List eight functions of blood. 2. Describe the composition and physical chara
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Question
1. List eight functions of blood. 2. Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood. Explain why it is classified as a connective tissue. 3. Discuss the composition and functions of plasma. 4. Describe the structure, function, and production of erythrocytes. 5. Describe the chemical composition of hemoglobin. 6. Give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of erythrocytes. Explain what goes wrong in each disorder. 7. List the classes, structural characteristics, and functions of leukocytes. 8. Describe how leukocytes are produced. 9. Give examples of leukocyte disorders, and explain what goes wrong in each disorder. 10. Describe the structure and function of platelets. 11. Describe the process of hemostasis. List factors that limit clot formation and prevent undesirable clotting. 12. Give examples of hemostatic disorders. Indicate the cause of each condition. 13. Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups. Explain the basis of transfusion reactions. 14. Describe fluids used to replace blood volume and the circumstances for their use. 15. Explain the diagnostic importance of blood testing.
Possible essay 1. Discuss the procedure of autologous transfusion. 2. Discuss why gamma globulin injections are painful. 3. Why do red blood cells lack a nucleus? Why is this an advantage? 4. How can you explain that an incompatible ABO blood group will generate a transfusion reaction the first time a transfusion is given, while Rh incompatibility creates a problem the second time a transfusion is given? 5. How does the change in shape of hemoglobin when pH changes enhance oxygen loading and unloading?
Explanation / Answer
1. List eight functions of blood
Distribution
It is conveying oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to all body cells.
Transporting metabolic waste items from cells to end destinations
It is Transporting hormones from the endocrine organs to their target organs.
Regulation
Absorbing so as to keep up suitable body temperature and circulating warmth all through the body and to the skin surface to empower heat loss.
Keeping up normal pH in body tissues.
Numerous blood proteins and other blood-borne solutes go about as buffers to avoid intemperate or unexpected changes in blood pH
Keeping up adequate liquid volume in the circulatory system. Salts (sodium chloride and others) and blood proteins act to keep extreme liquid loss from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces.
Protection
Averting blood loss. At the point when a blood vessel is harmed, platelets and plasma proteins start clot arrangement, stopping blood loss.
Averting disease. Floating along in blood are antibodies, complement proteins, and white blood cells, all of which shield the body against foreign invaders, for example, microscopic organisms, bacteria and viruses.
2. Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood
Blood is a sticky, thick liquid with a trademark of metallic taste. Contingent upon the measure of oxygen it is conveying, the color of blood shifts from red (oxygen rich) to dull red (oxygen poor). Blood is more thick than water and around five times more viscous, generally as a result of its shaped components. Blood is marginally basic, with a pH somewhere around 7.35 and 7.45, and its temperature (38C or 100.4F) is dependably somewhat higher than body temperature. Blood represents roughly 8% of body weight.
Explain why it is classified as a connective tissue
Blood is the main liquid tissue in the body. The magnifying instrument uncovers that blood has both cell and fluid segments. Blood is a particular sort of connective tissue in which living platelets, called the formed elements, are suspended in a nonliving liquid matrix called plasma.. The collagen and elastic fibers typical of other connective tissues are absent from blood, but dissolved fibrous proteins.
Explanation for of considering blood as joining liquid as takes after
• It interfaces different body parts with one another.
• Forms pressing around different body organs alleged as pressing tissue.
• It is mesodermal in originating point.
• It has all the three parts of a connective tissue i.e. cells, strands and matrix.
• Fibroblast is the most imperative cell of connective tissues which is present.
Discuss the composition and functions of plasma
It is straw-hued, sticky liquid. In spite of the fact that it is generally water (around 90%), plasma contains more than 100 diverse disintegrated solutes, including nutrients, gasses, hormones wastes and products of cell activity, ions, and proteins Capacity of Plasma
a. Conveys nutrients including glucose which is the essential wellspring of vitality for cell
digestion system.
b. Hormones are transported around the body in plasma joined to plasma proteins.
c. Contains inorganic particles which are imperative in managing cell work and looking after homeostasis.
d. Contains coagulating operators and on introduction to air it will frame a coagulation.
e. Aids healing and stops bleeding.
f. Contains antibodies (gammaglobulins) to oppose/battle off contaminations.
Describe the structure, function, and production of erythrocytes
It is little cells, around 7.5 m in width. Formed like biconcave plates—leveled circles with discouraged focuses—they seem lighter in shading at their slim focuses than at their edges. Bound by a plasma layer however do not have a core (are anucleate) and have basically no organelles.
• Its capacity is to transport respiratory gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
•Blood cell or erythrocytes development is alluded to as hematopoiesis (sew ahto-poi-e sister), or hemopoiesis (hemo, hemato = blood; poiesis = to make). This procedure happens in the red bone marrow overall, the marrow turns out an ounce of fresh recruits containing somewhere in the range of 100 billion new cells every day
Describe the chemical composition of hemoglobin
It is comprised of the protein globin bound to the red heme pigment. Globin comprises of four polypeptide chains—two alpha and two beta — every coupling a ringlike heme bunch. Every heme gathering bears a particle of iron set like a gem in its middle . A hemoglobin particle can transport four atoms of oxygen in light of the fact that every iron iota can consolidate reversibly with one particle of oxygen. A solitary red platelet contains around 250 million hemoglobin atoms, so each of these modest cells can gather up around 1 billion particles of oxygen.
Give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of erythrocytes. Explain what goes wrong in each disorder
Anemia "lacking blood" is a condition in which the blood has anomalous low oxygen-conveying limit. It is an indication of some issue as opposed to a malady all by itself. Its trademark is blood oxygen levels that are deficient to bolster ordinary digestion system. Weak people are exhausted, regularly pale, shy of breath, and chilly. Brought about by the blood loss – hemorrhagic frailty. Insufficient platelets created – Iron-lack sickliness Pernicious pallor is because of an inadequacy of vitamin B12. An immune system infection in which the stomach mucosa atrophies, and it frequently influences the elderly.
List the classes, structural characteristics, and functions of leukocytes
3. Granulocyte - Are all for the most part roundabout alive and well. They are greater and much shorter lived (when in doubt) than erythrocytes. They normally have lobed centers (balanced nuclear masses joined by more slim strands of nuclear material). For all intents and purposes, all granulocytes are phagocytes to a more significant or lesser degree.
Neutrophil – 50-70%, multilobed center, Acute pollution
Eosinophil – 2-4%, bilobed center, red cytoplasmic granules, Parasites
Basophil – 0.05 – 1%, bilobed center, purplish-dull cytoplasmic granules, Inflammatory Infections
Agranulocyte - need evident cytoplasmic granules. Despite the way that they are relative essentially, they are for all intents and purposes unmistakable and superfluous cell sorts. Their centers are normally roundabout or kidney shaped.
Lymphocyte – 25-45%, tremendous round center, Immunity
Monocyte – 3-8%, kidney-shaped c
All leukocytes are created and got from a multipotentcell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic undifferentiated organism. The generation of white platelets, is invigorated by concoction errand people. These delivery people, which can act either as paracrines or hormones, are glycoproteins that fall into two groups of hematopoietic variables, interleukins and settlement animating components, or CSFs. are named for the leukocyte populace they fortify.
Leukopenia (loo_ko-pe_ne-ah) is an unusually low white platelet number regularly impelled by medications, especially glucocorticoids and anticancer specialists.
•Leukemia, truly "white blood," alludes to a gathering of carcinogenic conditions including white platelets. The maverick leukocytes are individuals from a solitary clone (relatives of a solitary cell) that stay unspecialized and multiply wild, disabling typical red bone marrow capacity. The red bone marrow turns out to be thoroughly possessed by carcinogenic leukocytes and youthful WBCs surge into the circulatory system. The other platelet lines are swarmed out, so extreme iron deficiency and draining issues additionally come about. Different manifestations incorporate fever, weight reduction, and bone torment. Albeit huge quantities of leukocytes are created, they are nonfunctional and can't guard the body in the standard way
Platelets are not cells in the strict sense. About one-fourth the diameter of a lymphocyte, they are cytoplasmic fragments of extraordinarily large cells (up to 60 m in diameter) called megakaryocytes
Platelets are essential for the clotting process that occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured or their lining is injured. By sticking to the damaged site, platelets form a temporary plug that helps seal the break.
Describe the process of hemostasis. List factors that limit clot formation and prevent undesirable clotting
Vascular fit - In the initial step of vein repair, the harmed veins react to damage by choking (vasoconstriction), triggers incorporate direct harm to vascular smooth muscle, chemicals discharged by endothelial cells and platelets, and reflexes started by neighborhood torment receptors.
2. Platelet Plug Formation - the second step of vein repair, platelets assume a key part in hemostasis by amassing (staying together), shaping an attachment that incidentally seals the break in the vessel divider
3. Coagulation - The third step in blood vessel repair, blood clotting, reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads that act as a “molecular glue” for the aggregated platelets
List factors that limit clot formation and prevent undesirable clotting
Factors limiting clot growth or formation
Factors preventing undesirable clotting
Thromboembolic issue conditions that cause undesirable clump arrangement
•Bleeding issue emerge from variations from the norm that anticipate ordinary cluster arrangement
•Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)- includes both across the board thickening and serious dying
Blood classifications has an order which depends on two things:
ABO bunch - relies on upon two antigens; antigen An and antigen B. which lie on the surface of the red platelet (RBC)
A man having An antigen on his RBC cells will demonstrate a blood classification of A
A man having a B antigen on his RBC cells will demonstrate a blood classification of B
A man having both An and B antigens on his RBC cells will demonstrate a blood classification of AB
A man having neither of those antigens will demonstrate a blood classification of O
Rhesus variable - the rhesus component, which relies on upon a solitary antigen; antigen D, which additionally lies on the surface of the RBC
A man having a D antigen is called a Rh positive, e.g. A, B and D antigens' vicinity show a blood classification of AB+ (widespread acceptor)
A man without the D antigen is called a Rh negative, e.g. Neither A, nor B
3 When a quiet's blood volume is low to the point that passing from stun is impending, there may not be an ideal opportunity to sort blood, or suitable entire blood may be distracted. Such crises request that blood volume be supplanted instantly to restore satisfactory flow. Generally, blood comprises of proteins and cells suspended in a salt arrangement. Supplanting lost blood volume basically comprises of supplanting that isotonic salt arrangement. Ordinary saline or a numerous electrolyte arrangement that mirrors the electrolyte creation of plasma (for instance, Ringer's answer) are the favoured decision
Explain the diagnostic importance of blood testing
The utilization of demonstrative tests is an essential part of clinical practice since they help clinicians in setting up whether a patient has or does not have a specific condition. All together for any clinical test to be utilized most fittingly, it is vital that few parameters be set up with respect to the test and that these are made known not to advise their clinical choice making. These incorporate the test's affectability, specificity, prescient qualities, and probability proportions.
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