1 What advantages do organelles provide to eukaryotic cells? Are they necessaril

Question

1 What advantages do organelles provide to eukaryotic cells? Are they necessarily required or simply an artefact of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes? Why, for example, would eukaryotic cells require a membrane-bound nucleus when prokaryotes seem to replicate efficiently without one?

2. What are the 3 main intracellular transport mechanisms for proteins? How does cell topology influence the particular mechanisms needed to transport a protein among organelles intracellularly?

3. Here’s a chicken and egg question… how are transmembrane proteins added to membranes in newly synthesized organelles if there are no translocater proteins already present to direct them?

Explanation / Answer

1. Organelles allow for specialization and thus efficiency. They are not required per se - there are many biologically successful organisms lacking organelles, such as the virus. In eukaryotes, the nucleus allows for a greater degree of gene regulation than that seen in prokaryotes, even if it is not necessarily required for replication. 2. It sounds like this question is referring to something specifically from your lecture but hopefully I can point you in the right direction - intracellular transport often involves vesicles and g protein action, motor protein action and carrier proteins. There's also protein translocation, which involves their movement across membranes, and has 3 types: cotranslational, posttranslational and transmembrane proteins. 3. Most TM proteins are inserted into the organelle's membrane during creation at the ER via membrane bound ribosomes.

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