I need help with good solid answers so I can learn them for each of these any he

Question

I need help with good solid answers so I can learn them for each of these any help would be wonderful

Renal system

1) Describe the osmoregulatory challenges and associated adaptations of freshwater and saltwater.

2) Distinguish osmoconformers and osmoregulators.

3) Explain how the excretion of nitrogenous wastes is linked to habitat and evolutionary history.

4) Describe the general and specific structure of the kidney and explain how the kidney promotes homeostasis.

5) Use ADH to illustrate the role of hormonal control in urine production.

6) Explain how the kidney controls blood volume and blood pressure.

Explanation / Answer

1) Describe the osmoregulatory challenges and associated adaptations of freshwater and saltwater?

Freshwater animals show osmoregulation. They are hypertonic to their surroundings. Their body fluids have a higher solute concentration and lower water concentration than their surrounding environment. These freshwater organisms constantly gain water as the water passes through the mouth over gills. The water molecules diffuse from the fresh water into their blood through osmosis. They release very large volume of urine in order to balance large intake of water. During this process they lose salt by excess urine release. In order to maintain water and solute balance they do not drink water, their food supplies some ions and gills actively take up salt.

Saltwater animals are hypotonic to their surroundings. Their blood has higher water concentration than their surroundings. They are osmoconformers. Their body fluids have a solute concentration equal to their surroundings. As the sea water passes through the mouth over gill membranes, the water molecules diffuse out of the body fluids into the sea water by osmosis. They produce very small volume of urine. The salt water fish drink water in order to replace the loss of water through osmosis. Excess salt which comes due to drinking of water is removed by the gills.

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