Terms: 30, 70, 100, -amylase, -limit dextrans, alkaline, brush border, chyme, du

ID: 73234 • Letter: T

Question

Terms: 30, 70, 100, -amylase, -limit dextrans, alkaline, brush border, chyme, duodenum, enterocytes, fructose, galactose, glucose, glycogen, isomaltase, lactase, lumen, maltase, maltose, maltotriose, monosaccharides, pancreas, starch, sucrase

The semi- or fully-liquified pasty substance (i.e. ____________) that is passed from the stomach to the initial segment of the small intestine (i.e. to the __________) contains __________% of the lactose and sucrose molecules that are ingested and NOT enzymatically modified in the mouth or stomach. Additionally, chyme contains ~_______% of the starches and glycogens that have yet escaped any of the digestive actions of salivary ____________. The chyme also contains molecules of (listed alphabetically) ____________ and __________ and short, branched oligosaccharides known as _______________ that were produced from the ~__________% of starches and glycogens that WERE partially digested by salivary -amylase in the mouth or stomach. However, none of these sugars are easily and readily absorbed across the wall of the gut and must be further enzymatically modified in the small intestine before being absorbed.

The exocrine ____________ secretes a large volume of highly ____________ fluid into the duodenum that contains numerous digestive enzymes or enzyme precursors. Among these is pancreatic -amylase, which acts similaly to its salivary gland homologue to convert the remaining undigested molecules of [listed alphabetically] ___________ and __________ to more maltose, maltotriose and more -limit dextrans. This digestion occurs in the ____________ of the duodenum.

There are also an assortment of enzymes embedded along the luminal surface of the villous projections of the epithelial cells (called ___________) that line the intestine. Collectively, these enzymes are referred to as intestinal ____________ enzymes and they complete the final digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine. One of these includes ___________ which splits the bond between the galactose and glucose molecules in milk sugar. Another of these is a dual-purpose molecule that contains one subunit referred to as the _________ subunit that splits the bond between the glucose and fructose molecules in table sugar. The other component of this dual-purpose enzyme is referred to as the ___________ component and possesses enzyme activity that breaks the 1-6 'branch-point' linkages in the -limit dextrans and the bonds between the glucose molecules of maltose and maltotriose molecules produced by the pancreatic and salivary -amylases. Lastly, _____________ also helps to split the bonds between the glucose subunits in maltose and maltotriose molecules. When these enzymes are present in sufficient, functional quantities, they completely convert all absorbed complex polysaccharides and sucrose and lactose molecules (and other minor sugars) to the 3 absorbable ______________ which are, listed alphabetically, ____________, __________ and _______________.

From the answer options that follow, select all that are accurate with respect to carbohydrate digestion and/or absorption in the human stomach.

Question 6 options:

The highly acidic (i.e. low) pH of the gastric lumen is optimal for salviary -amylase.

The highly acidic (i.e. low) pH of the gastric lumen is detrimental to salviary -amylase, causing the enzyme to denature and inactivate.

All salivary -amylase immediately denatures and inactivates upon its entry into the stomach lumen.

The salivary -amylase on the bolus's outer margins and in immediate contact with gastric acid immediately denatures and inactivates upon contact with gastric acid, but the enzyme present deeper within the bolus remains active until the contractile activity of the lower stomach generates enough 'vortex' force to fully dissolve the bolus in the gastric acid.

The 'reservoir' activity of the upper stomach can cause it to take as long as 30 - 60 minutes or more to fully dissolve the entire bolus and completely inactivate salivary amylase.

Salivary -amylase partially digests 100% of the complex glucose polymer-type carbohydrates in the lumen of the stomach before the chyme that is generated in the stomach is passed on to the small intestine.

Salivary -amylase digests 100% of the ingested lactose and sucrose disaccharides in the lumen of the stomach before the chyme that is produced is passed on to the small intestine.

Brush border enzymes secreted by and attached to the luminal surface of the gastric (stomach) epithelial cells initiates the enzymatic digestion of dietary disaccharides (lactose and sucrose) and further modifies end-products produced by the actions of salivary -amylase generated in the oral cavity and/or stomach.

~30% of ingested complex glucose polymer-type carbohydrates (i.e. starches and glycogens) and 100% of ingested dietary disaccharides (lactose and sucrose) leave the stomach and enter the small intestine without having been enzymatically modified in any way since entering the digestive tract.

An abundance of absorbable end products of carbohydrate digestion are generated in the stomach lumen and moved across the wall of stomach and into the bloodstream before the chyme generated in the stomach is passed on to the small intestine.

The highly acidic (i.e. low) pH of the gastric lumen is optimal for salviary -amylase.

The highly acidic (i.e. low) pH of the gastric lumen is detrimental to salviary -amylase, causing the enzyme to denature and inactivate.

All salivary -amylase immediately denatures and inactivates upon its entry into the stomach lumen.

The 'reservoir' activity of the upper stomach can cause it to take as long as 30 - 60 minutes or more to fully dissolve the entire bolus and completely inactivate salivary amylase.

Salivary -amylase digests 100% of the ingested lactose and sucrose disaccharides in the lumen of the stomach before the chyme that is produced is passed on to the small intestine.

Explanation / Answer

** Please post other parts separately. The question is becoming too lengthy to be answered in a single post.

The semi- or fully-liquefied pasty substance (i.e. ____chyme________) that is passed from the stomach to the initial segment of the small intestine (i.e. to the __duodenum____) contains ___30_______% of the lactose and sucrose molecules that are ingested and NOT enzymatically modified in the mouth or stomach. Additionally, chyme contains ~__70_____% of the starches and glycogens that have yet escaped any of the digestive actions of salivary ___alpha-amylase______. The chyme also contains molecules of (listed alphabetically) __fructose____ and __glucose____ and short, branched oligosaccharides known as ___alpha limit dextrans_______ that were produced from the ~__100____% of starches and glycogens that WERE partially digested by salivary -amylase in the mouth or stomach. However, none of these sugars are easily and readily absorbed across the wall of the gut and must be further enzymatically modified in the small intestine before being absorbed.

The exocrine ___pancreas_____ secretes a large volume of highly __alkaline_______ fluid into the duodenum that contains numerous digestive enzymes or enzyme precursors. Among these is pancreatic -amylase, which acts similarly to its salivary gland homologue to convert the remaining undigested molecules of [listed alphabetically] ____maltose_______ and __maltotriose___ to more maltose, maltotriose and more -limit dextrans. This digestion occurs in the ____lumen_____of the duodenum.

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Terms: 30, 70, 100, -amylase, -limit dextrans, alkaline, brush border, chyme, du

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