Question 1 Stage 1: Digestion involves hydrolysis of triacylglycerols, carbohydr

Question

Question 1

Stage 1: Digestion involves hydrolysis of triacylglycerols, carbohydrates, and proteins.

True

False

Question 2

When carbohydrates are hydrolized the produce amino acids.

True

False

Question 3

Stage two involves

monosaccharides, glycerol, fatty acids and proteins becoming...

Acetyl CoA

sucrose

NADH

an acetyl group "C2"

Question 4

Glycolysis is a cyclic metabolic pathway.

True

False

Question 5

What molecule is produced when glucose degrades in glycolysis?

pyruvate

lactate

anaerobic

ATP

Question 6

What does pyruvate form under anaerobic conditions?

Acetyl CoA

NADH

Lactate

Cytosol

Question 7

What does pyruvate form under aerobic conditions?

Acetyl CoA

NADH

Mitochoadria

Lactate

Question 8

Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources like lactate, amino acids and glycerol.

True

False

Question 9

A fatty acid that contains 20 carbons would produce how many acetyl CoA molecules?

7

8

9

10

Question 10

The number of oxidation cycles to complete to oxidize a fatty acid containing 20 carbons is...

7

8

9

10

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT produced from one cycle of oxidation of a fatty acid?

NADH

FADH

2

CO2

Acetyl CoA

Explanation / Answer

Question 1: True

Question 2: False

(carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose etc)

Question 3: acetyl CoA

(Occurs in the cytoplasm of cell.The small molecules may be either used to make larger molecules by process called anabolism or broken down into even smaller molecules, such as pyruvic acid & acetyl CoA by a process called catabolism.)

Question 4: False

(Linear pathways convert one compound through a series of intermediates to another compound. An example would be glycolysis, where glucose is converted to pyruvate.In a cyclic pathway, intermediates are regenerated, and so some intermediates act in a catalytic fashion. In this illustration, the cyclic pathway carries out the net conversion of X to Z. The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle is an example of a cyclic pathway.)

Question 5: pyruvate

(In glycolysis (sugar splitting), a six-carbon glucose molecule is split into a pair of three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate). This process includes 10 biochemical steps & produces six-energy-holding molecules: two molecules of NADH & four molecules of ATP. since two molecules of ATP were used in phase one, the net production of energy is two molecules of NADH & two of ATP.)

Question 6: Lactate

(Pyruvate is the terminal electron acceptor in lactic acid fermentation. When sufficient oxygen is not present in the muscle cells for further oxidation of pyruvate and NADH produced in glycolysis, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by reduction of pyruvate to lactic acid. Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase.)

Question 7: NADH

(Aerobic glycolysis occurs in 2 steps. The first occurs in the cytosol and involves the conversion of glucose to pyruvate with resultant production of NADH. This process alone generates 2 molecules of ATP. If oxygen is available, then the free energy contained in NADH is further released via reoxidization of the mitochondrial electron chain and results in the release of 30 more mol of ATP per mol of glucose.However, when oxygen is in short supply, this NADH is reoxidized instead by reducing pyruvate to lactate. )

Question 8: True

(In mammals, gluconeogenesis is restricted to the liver, the kidney and possibly the intestine. However these organs use somewhat different gluconeogenic precursors. The liver uses primarily lactate, alanine and glycerol while the kidney uses lactate, glutamine and glycerol. Propionate is the principal substrate for gluconeogenesis in the ruminant liver, and the ruminant liver may make increased use of gluconeogenic amino acids, e.g. alanine, when glucose demand is increased.)

Question 9: 10

( oxidation-the fatty acids undergo oxidative removal of successive two-carbon units in the form of acetyl-CoA, starting from the carboxyl end of the fatty acyl chain.)

Question 10: 9

[During the oxidation of an even - C fatty acid with n number of carbons, beta oxidation cycles occur (1 / 2n - 1) number of times to produce acetyl CoA]

Question 11: CO2

(Four enzyme-catalyzed reactions are involved in the first stage of fatty acid oxidation. In first step dehydrogenation produces a double bond between the and carbon atoms (C-2 and C-3), yielding a trans-2-enoyl-CoA. The enzyme responsible for this first step, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, includes FAD as a prosthetic group. The electrons removed from the fatty acyl-CoA are transferred to the FAD which gets reduced to FADH2.In the second step of the fatty acid oxidation cycle, water is added to the double bond of the trans-2-enoyl-CoA to form the L stereoisomer of -hydroxyacyl-CoA (also designated -hydroxyacyl-CoA) which is catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase. In the third step, the L--hydroxyacyl-CoA is dehydrogenated to form -ketoacyl-CoA by the action of -hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; NAD+ is the electron acceptor. This enzyme is absolutely specific for the r. stereoisomer. The NADH formed in this reaction donates its electrons to NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), an electron carrier of the respiratory chain. The fourth and last step of the fatty acid oxidation cycle is catalyzed by acyl-CoA acetyltransferase (more commonly called thiolase), which promotes reaction of -ketoacyl-CoA with a molecule of free coenzyme A to split off the carboxyl-terminal two-carbon fragment of the original fatty acid as acetyl-CoA.)

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