You have to choose a cancer : Choose one: Ovarian or Prostate Cancer. Write a sh

Question

You have to choose a cancer : Choose one: Ovarian or Prostate Cancer. Write a short essay describing the general characteristics of the cancer.

Be sure that you include the following types of information:

1. Major characteristics of the cancer

2. Cancer statistics :

• How common is this cancer?

• Who does this cancer affect?

• What percentage of cases are hereditary?

3. How is the cancer staged?

• example: stage IA, IIB, etc... • What is prognosis as it relates to stage?

4. What environmental factors can affect this type of cancer? How?

• Give some examples of how altering your behavior can change your risk?

Explanation / Answer

Cancer is the general term that refers to a collection of diseases. Normally all the cells of the body are subjected to wear and tear and these cells are replaced by the division of the respective cells but during cancer the cells under go uncontrolled cell divsion and the cells are added in millions and trillions thereby affecting not only the concerned area but also to the surrounding areas .Generally these added cells form a mass or tumor a characteristic feature of the disease however in cancers of blood no such tumors are formed .cancerous tumors are malignant in nature which means they have the capacity to invade or spread into the surroundig tissues sometimes these cells break from the place of origin and invade distant tissues .When the cacer cell do ot invade any other body part it is said to be Benign in nature or it is said to be harmless.

Charecteristics of cancer cells.

Statistics of cancer.

Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% is due to obesity, a poor diet, lack of physical activity, and consumption of alcohol.Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation, and environmental pollutants. In thedeveloping world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human papillomavirus (HPV). These factors act, at least partly, by changing thegenes of a cell.[6] Typically many such genetic changes are required before cancer develops. Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to genetic defects inherited genetically.

Hereditary cancer is cancer risk that is inherited or passed on in a family. Unlike most cancer, hereditary cancer results from an abnormal alteration in a single gene. Approximately 5 percent to 10 percent of all cancers are considered to be hereditary.

ovarian cancer is a cancer that begins in an ovary. It results in abnormal cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. When this process begins, symptoms may be vague or not apparent, but they become more noticeable as the cancer progresses. These symptoms may include bloating, pelvic pain, and abdominal swelling, among others. Common areas to which the cancer may spread include the lining of the abdomen, lining of the bowel and bladder, lymph nodes, lungs, and liver.

The risk of ovarian cancer increases in women who have ovulated more over their lifetime. This includes those who have never had children, those who begin ovulation at a younger age or reach menopause at an older age. Other risk factors include hormone therapy aftermenopause, fertility medication, and obesity.

Approximately 10-15 percent of ovarian cancer cases are caused by mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Women who carry a mutation in either of these genes have a condition called Hereditary Breast andOvarian Cancer (HBOC) syndrome.

Staging is very important because ovarian cancers have different prognoses at different stages and are treated differently. The accuracy of the staging may determine whether or not a patient will be cured.

Ovarian and fallopian tube cancer is most often staged using the FIGO system. This system relies on the results of surgery to determine the extent of the primary tumor (often described by the letter T), the absence or presence of metastasis to nearby lymph nodes (described by the letter N), and the absence or presence of distant metastasis (described by the letter M). This information is combined to determine the final stage. Primary peritoneal cancer (PPC) is staged in a similar way, but there is no stage I.

Once a patient's T, N, and M categories have been determined, this information is combined in a process calledstage grouping to determine the stage, expressed in Roman numerals from stage I (the least advanced stage) to stage IV (the most advanced stage). Many stages are divided into substages designated by adding letters and sometimes additional numbers to the Roman numerals.Stage IA ,Stage IB ,Stage IC .In this stageThe cancer is only within the ovary (or ovaries) or fallopian tube(s). It has not spread to organs and tissues in the abdomen or pelvis, lymph nodes, or to distant sites.

Stage IIStage IIA ,Stage IIB , The cancer is in one or both ovaries or fallopian tubes and has spread to other organs (such as the uterus, fallopian tubes, bladder, the sigmoid colon, or the rectum) within the pelvis. It has not spread to lymph nodes or distant sites.

Stage III:Stage IIIA1 Stage IIIA2,Stage IIIB

The cancer is in one or both ovaries or fallopian tubes, and one or both of the following are present:

has spread to lymph nodes in the back of the abdomen (retroperitoneal lymph nodes).

Stage IV (any T, any N, M1)

This is the most advanced stage of ovarian cancer. In this stage the cancer has spread to the inside of the spleen, liver, lungs, or other organs located outside the peritoneal cavity. (The peritoneal cavity is the area enclosed by the peritoneum, a membrane that lines the inner abdomen and some of the pelvis and covers most of its organ

Lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking, obesity, and diet may affect ovarian cancer risk. Exposure to certain environmental agents such as talc, pesticides, and herbicides may increase risk of ovarian cancer;

The main treatments for ovarian cancer are:

The main treatments for ovarian cancer are:

Radiation therapy

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