#1-5 for escherichia Coli (e. Coli) STUDENT NAME ORGANISM 10 FooD OR wATERBORNE
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Question
#1-5 for escherichia Coli (e. Coli)
STUDENT NAME ORGANISM 10 FooD OR wATERBORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASE ORGANISMS 1. CAUSATTVE ORGANISM: Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Gram stain slide of E coli-Experiment a7) Category: (ie, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, virus) Gram Rxs if bacteria: (if not bacteria, indicate Not Applicable) Unique/key characteristics: (ie, capsule, cysts, endo AND key morphological information) 2. DISEASE(s): (Use technically accurate name & if applicable common name) Specifics regarding transmission mechanism (ie. vehicle, vector, any relevant info) 3. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: specify if differences between male & female symptoms Title of slide: any key age groups affected) Magnification: 4. TREATMENT (specify drugs used; any key factors in successful treatment; any resistance issues; cure rate; age differences) If no slide, specific sourci 5. PREVENTION: (include who to be vaccinated; specific precautions to prevent contractingspreading)Explanation / Answer
1.Escherichia coli (E.coli 0157:H7):
Eubacteria (Kingdom); Bacteria (Domain); Proteobacteria (Phylum); Gamma Proteobacteria (Class); Enterobacteriales (Order); Enterobacteriaceae (Family); Escherichia (Genus)
Species:
Escherichia coli
2. DISEASES:
Escherichia coli can be commonly found in lower intestines of human and mammals and help with digestion processes. However, different strains of E. coli like E. coli O157:H7 is one of the most infective strains that can cause food poisoning. E. coli O157:H7 is found in the intestines of healthy cattle and are used as reservoir. The Shiga toxin released from E. coli requires highly specific receptors on the cells' surface in order to attach and enter the cell; species such as cattle, pig, and deer which do not carry these receptors may harbor toxigenic bacteria without any ill effect, shedding them in their feces. Shiga toxin is the main virulence factor of E. coli O157:H7 infection. Shiga toxin released from E. coli is responsible for foodborne illnesses that cause severe damage to the lining of the intestine leading to hemorrhagic colitis and kidney failure. Shiga toxin targets an organ such as the kidney and binds to receptors on cell membranes. Shiga toxin enters cells and stops the cells from producing proteins it needs to function. Without the ability to sustain its function, the cell dies through either apoptosis or necrosis. By killing cells crucial for organ function, Shiga toxins can have a debilitating effect on the body. Implicated foods are typically those derived from cattle (e.g., beef, hamburger, raw milk); however, the infection has also been transmitted through contact with infected persons, contaminated water, and other contaminated food products. Some important symptoms are bloody diarrhea, stomach cramping, vomiting, and loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and fever and kidney failure. Infection with E. coli O157:H7 is diagnosed by detecting the bacterium in the stool which is essential for public health purposes, such as finding outbreaks.
3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
The early symptoms of E. coli 0157:H7 infection may include:
Some important symptoms are bloody diarrhea, stomach cramping, vomiting, and loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and fever and kidney failure are diagnosed in males , females and some children.
4.TREATMENT:
E coli meningitis requires antibiotics, such as third-generation cephalosporins (eg, ceftriaxone).
E coli pneumonia requires respiratory support, adequate oxygenation, and antibiotics, such as third-generation cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones.
E coli cholecystitis/cholangitis requires antibiotics such as third-generation cephalosporins that cover E coli and Klebsiella organisms. Empiric coverage should also include anti– E faecalis coverage.
For E coli intra-abdominal abscess, antibiotics also must include anaerobic coverage (eg, ampicillin and sulbactam or cefoxitin). In severe infection, piperacillin and tazobactam, imipenem and cilastatin, or meropenem may be used. Combination therapy with antibiotics that cover E coli plus an antianaerobe can also be used (eg, levofloxacin plus clindamycin or metronidazole).
E coli enteric infections require fluid replacement with solutions containing appropriate electrolytes. Antimicrobials known to be useful in cases of traveler's diarrhea include doxycycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ), fluoroquinolones, and rifaximin. They shorten the duration of diarrhea by 24-36 h. Antibiotics are not useful in enterohemorrhagic E coli (EHEC) infection and may predispose to development of HUS. Antimotility agents are contraindicated in children and in persons with enteroinvasive E coli (EIEC) infection.
Uncomplicated E coli cystitis can be treated with a single dose of antibiotic or 3-d course of a fluoroquinolone, TMP/SMZ, or nitrofurantoin.
Recurrent E coli cystitis (ie, >2 episodes/y) is treated with continuous or postcoital prophylaxis with a fluoroquinolone, TMP/SMZ, or nitrofurantoin.
Patients with complex cases (eg, those with diabetes, >65 y, or recent history of UTI) are treated with a 7- to 14-d course of antibiotics (eg, levofloxacin, third-generation cephalosporins, or aztreonam).
Acute uncomplicated E coli pyelonephritis in young women is treated with fluoroquinolone or TMP/SMZ for 14 d. Patients with vomiting, nausea, or underlying illness (eg, diabetes) should be admitted to the hospital. If fever and flank pain persist for more than 72 h, ultrasonography or CT scanning may be performed.
Treat E coli perinephric abscess or prostatitis with at least 6 wk of antibiotics.
E coli sepsis requires at least 2 wk of antibiotics and identification of the source of bacteremia based on imaging study results.
McGannon et al found that antibiotics that target DNA synthesis, such as ciprofloxacin (CIP) and TMP/SMZ, showed increased Shiga toxin production, whereas antibiotics that target the cell wall, transcription, or translation did not. [6]Remarkably, high levels of Shiga toxin were detected even when growth of O157:H7 was completely suppressed by CIP. In contrast, azithromycin significantly reduced Shiga toxin levels even when O157:H7 viability remained high.
Since the late 1990s, multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (mostly E coli) that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), such as the CTX-M enzymes, have emerged within the community setting as an important cause of UTIs. These bacteria are resistant to the groups of antibiotics that are commonly used to treat these types of infections (penicillins, cephalosporins) and to antibiotics normally reserved for more severe infections (eg, fluoroquinolones, gentamicin).
The spread of CTX-M–positive bacteria considerably changes how the treatment of community-acquired infections is approached and limits the oral antibiotics that may be administered. This finding has major implications for treating individuals who do not clinically respond to first-line antibiotics. [7]
In one study, mortality following bacteremic infection caused by ESBL producing E coli was significantly higher than non–ESBL-producing E coli. These findings have serious implications for antibiotic prescription, as cephalosporins are ineffective treatment for many E coli infections. [8]
Infections due to ESBL-producing E coli have largely been regarded as a healthcare-associated phenomenon. However, reports of community-associated infections caused by ESBL-producing E coli have begun to emerge and this occurrence of community-associated infections due to extended-spectrum -lactamase (ESBL)–producing Escherichia coli has been recognized among patients without discernible healthcare-associated risk factors in the United States. Most (54.2%) ESBL-producing strains that cause community-associated episodes belonged to ST131 or its related sequence types. Among these strains, all except one produced CTX-M–type ESBL, in particular CTX-M-15.
5.PRECAUTIONS:
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli are so widely disseminated that a wide variety of foods can be contaminated. Direct animal-to-person and person-to-person transmission is not uncommon. Following are steps you can take to protect your family.
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