How do I determine whether the substrate was oxidized or reduced in a-c? I\'m ve

Question

How do I determine whether the substrate was oxidized or reduced in a-c? I'm very confused as to how to assign the oxidation states.

a= oxidized, b=reduced, c=unchanged; but i need help in how to come to this solution

Source, as described in Problem 3. Whenever the coenzyme is oxidized, a substrate must be simultaneously reduced: For each of the reactions in (a) through (f), determine whether the substrate has been Oxidized or reduced or is unchanged in oxidation state (see Problem 3) If a redox change has occurred, balance the reaction with the necessary amount of NAD+, NADH, H+, and H2O. The objective is to recognize when a redox coenzyme is necessary in a metabolic reaction.

Explanation / Answer

In the reaction (a), hydrogen atoms are removed from the substrate. So oxidation takes place.

In reaction (b), the oxygen atoms on OPO3 group are removed and a hydrogen atom is added. So it is reduction.

In reaction (c), it is decarboxylation reaction where carbon dioxide is removed. So it is considered to be unchanged.

Hope this helps

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