Answer thoroughly, all of the following questions: The vertebrate endocrine syst

Question

Answer thoroughly, all of the following questions: The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands. List a) 5 of these glands, b) the hormones they secrete, c) the location of the target cells of these hormones and d) describe the hormone's actions on the target cells. What stimulates an endocrine gland to produce a hormone? Distinguish between the two major classes of vertebrate hormones. Include how each interacts with their target cell to elicit an intracellular response. Describe the structures of the male and female reproductive system and the functions of the main structures in relation to gametogenesis. Describe the structural and functional subdivisions of the nervous system. Define a resting potential and explain how it is created. Explain how an action potential is produced and the resting membrane potential restored. List the structures of the ear in the sequence in which they participate in hearing. Describe the parts of the human eye and their functions. Explain at the cellular level how a muscle cell contracts. Describe the role of calcium in a muscle contraction.

Explanation / Answer

(1) Pancreas - produces Insulin and glucagon regulating the blood glucose levels.
(2) Pineal gland - It is pea sized, located near the center of the brain. It secretes melatonin.
(3) Thymus gland - It lies above the heart. It secretes a peptide that stimulates the development of T cells.
(4) Adrenal gland-
Adrenal medulla : It produces epinephrine and norepinephrine - this is useful for raising blood glucose levels, increases metabolic activities.
Adrenal cortex: It produces glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids - It promotes the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in kidneys
(5) Gonads:
testes: Produces androgen - promotes sperm formation
ovaries: produces estrogens - stimulates uterine lining growth

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