Many solutes that must move into and out of cells exist in either a protonated o

Question

Many solutes that must move into and out of cells exist in either a protonated or ionized form, or they have functional groups that can be either protonated or ionized. Simple molecules such as CO_2, H_3PO_4 (phosphoric acid), and NH_3 (ammonia) are in this category, as are organic molecules with carboxylic acid groups, phosphate groups, and/or amino groups. For a cell that must take up ammonia from its environment, will uptake of the charged form require more or less energy than uptake of the uncharged form, assuming that the cell has a negative membrane potential? Explain your answer. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. uncharged outer NH^+_4 negatively charged NH_3 positively charged inner To say that the cell has a negative membrane potential means that the surface of the plasma membrane has a more negative charge than the surface. A solute such as will therefore be drawn inward by the membrane potential, which means that uptake of across the plasma membrane will require more energy than the uptake of assuming the same concentration gradient for the two solutes, of course.

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The antibody titers might not be increasing when he is challenged with antigens through vaccination of Pneumovax pneumococcal meningitis; as the antigens might not have been injected as a hapten. For eliciting an antibody response the three-dimensional conformation of the antigen has to be maintained.

The cell has a negative membrane potential as the outer surface has more negative charge than the inner surface. A negatively charged solute such as NH3 will be drawn inward by the membrane potential, which means that the uptake of NH4+ will require more energy than the uptake of NH3, assuming the same concentration gradient for the two solutes.

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