1) For each of the following stains, state where you think it would be mainly lo

Question

1) For each of the following stains, state where you think it would be mainly localized in the cell.

a. A stain that bound to G proteins

b. A stain that bound to RNA and DNA polymerases

c. A stain that bound to enzymes that perform primary glycosylation

d. A stain that bound to enzymes that perform secondary glycosylation

e. A stain that binds to hydrolytic enzymes that break down proteins and lipids

f. A stain that binds to clathrin

g. A stain that binds to transfer RNAs

h. A stain that binds to DNA

What do you think would happen to an integral membrane protein that normally is localized to the plasma membrane, and has a N-terminal signal sequence and a long hydrophobic portion near the C-terminus, under each of the following conditions?

2) The gene that codes for the protein is mutated so it no longer has a signal sequence

3) The gene that codes for the protein is mutated so it no longer has the long hydrophobic portion

4) Match each property or condition listed with the cytoskeletal system with which it is best or most likely associated.

a. The system whose polymerization would be most affected by a depletion of cellular ATP

b. The system whose polymerization would be most affected by a depletion of cellular GTP

c. The system that can withstand the most tension

d. The system most associated with generating membrane-associated movements

e. The system whose functional subunit is a protein monomer.          

f. The system whose functional subunit is a protein dimer.    

g. The system whose functional subunit is a protein tetramer.            

h. The system that forms a radial array in interphase (in animal cells)            

i. The system that forms two interdigitated radial arrays during mitosis (in animal cells)       

j. The system connected to spot desmosomes

5) Dwain accidentally washed off the labels off of his three drugs that he was using to treat cells. One of the drugs inhibited myosin, one of them inhibited kinesin, and one of them inhibited dynein. Dwain picked one of the drugs at random and used it on some of his immune cells that normally secrete antibodies. When he analyzed the cells he saw that the cleavage furrow seemed to be working fine, the Golgi were forming fine, but the ER was not very spread out in the cells and the cells were unable to secrete any antibodies. Which drug had he likely used?

Explanation / Answer

1) a. G proteins are intra membrane proteins, it has got its 7 chains or the transmembrane receptors, so the A strain would be located in the plasma membrane in the cell,

b. RNA and DNA polymerases are found in the nucleus of a cell, so if the strain is present there, it would be positioned in the nucleus of a cell,

c. Enzymes that perform primary glycosylation- this is the location in Rough ER under primary glycosylation,

d. Enzyme performing secondary glycosylation is located in Golgi apparatus in a cell,

e. Protein and lipid breaking hydrolytic enzymes would be present in cytoplasm, especially inside of the lysosome,

f. Clathrin coating comes from the function need of making coated vesicles, this could be from the golgi body or any other membrane, so they are located in the endosome vesicles, naturally the strain also would be there,

g. Transfer RNAs are located in the cytoplasm, also they are present in the mitochondrias,

h. Strain binds to DNA always would be inside of a nucleus, where the DNA unpacks and it makes the mRNA.

2) If the signal sequence is missing the protein will be not forming the hydrophobic spanning region, so the sequence from N-terminus could be forward the message that it receives,

3) If it is missing the hydrophobic portion, still the signal sequence is not carrying the message into the cell inside, so moreover the function from the N-terminus would word but fail to carry the message inside of a cell.

4. a. The cytoskeletal system using most ATP molecule would be, if we look into the skeletal muscle myosins uses the ATP to work and function,

b. Mircotubules are dependent on cellular GTPs,

c. Actin filaments can withstand the most tension in a cytoskeletal system,

d. Actin filaments, usually in association with myosin generates a lot of movement, here in case of membrane associated movement would be the cause from Microtubules,

e. Protein monomer functional subunit contains myosin,

f. Protein dimer functional subunit contains by the actin,

g. Tubulins are in tetramer form, the intermediate filaments in cytoskeleton,

h. Chromatin structures/fibers forms the radial array in interphase of cell division,

i. The system that forms two interdigitated radial arrays during mitosis is the centriole,

j. Intermediate filaments of a cell are the system connected to spot desmosomes.

5. From the explained experiment of Dwain the affected immune cell is not working because of the specific protein kinesin. As we know that this protein belongs to a class of motor proteins found in eukaryotic cells. This protein works along with the microtubule filaments and uses ATP source, thus it is useful making the antibodies, without this the cells is suffering.

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