1: Describe the role of Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) in the electron tra
ID: 86484 • Letter: 1
Question
1: Describe the role of Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) in the electron transport chain (Figure 21.5)
2: Define essential vs. non-essential amino acid
2: Determine if a deficiency in a pathway will lead to an amino acid becoming essential
3: Determine the impact of the addition of an inhibitor or an uncoupler on the electron transport chain, oxygen consumption and ATP production
4: Describe the role of anaerobic glycolysis in the red blood cell
5: Describe the regulation of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase in the synthesis and degradation of glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle
5: Describe the mechanism by which epinephrine induces glycogenolysis in the skeletal muscle
6: Describe the regulation of hexokinase/glucokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), and pyruvate kinase in glycolysis
6: Describe the regulation of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase in the synthesis and degradation of glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle
6: Compare and contrast glucokinase and hexokinase (Module 1)
7: Compare missense, nonsense, silent and insertion/ deletion mutations
8: Define oxidation and reduction
9: Compare and contrast endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine signals
10: Calculate the overall delta G of a series of reactions if given the delta G for each individual reaction
11: Describe the ribonucleotide reductase reaction and its regulation at both the allosteric and effector sites
12: Compare missense, nonsense, silent and insertion/ deletion mutations
12: Compare intracellular vs extracellular signaling molecules
12: Describe how transcriptional defects may result in changes to the translated protein product.
13: Determine the impact of glucagon, insulin, cortisol and epinephrine on the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue
14: Describe the role of the malate aspartate shuttle (22.8) in moving cytosolic NADH into the mitochondria and transporting aspartate out of the mitochondria
15: Describe the role of anaerobic glycolysis in the red blood cell
16: Determine the impact of glucagon, insulin, cortisol and epinephrine on the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue
17: Describe the roles and regulation of citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase in the TCA cycle
17: Describe the regulation of hexokinase/glucokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), and pyruvate kinase in glycolysis
18: Describe the synthesis and release of insulin from beta cells
19: Relate the activity of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase to levels of NADPH in the cell
20: Compare and contrast autosomal, sex-linked, dominant and recessive inheritance patterns
20: Determine the genotypes of individuals with autosomal recessive disorders if given molecular data (Review from Module 5 - See Chapter 29- Question 1)
20: Determine the percent likelihood of a disease presentation given the inheritance pattern of the disorder
21: Calculate the net charge on a molecule using the pKa(s) of ionizable groups
22: Give examples of biochemical, mechanical and transport work
23: Determine how levels of fructose 2,6 phosphate impact the activity of PFK-1
23: Describe the regulation of hexokinase/glucokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), and pyruvate kinase in glycolysis
23: Compare and contrast the mechanisms for regulating glycolysis including allostery, hormonal regulation and covalent modification
24: Describe the regulation of hexokinase/glucokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), and pyruvate kinase in glycolysis
24: Describe feed-forward activation (Module 1)
25: Provide examples of each of the following major classes of receptors and compare and contrast their mechanism of signaling and termination: receptor tyrosine kinases, serine/threonine linked receptors, G-Protein coupled receptors (heptahelical receptors), cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors and ion channel receptors
25: See figure 11.17
26: Determine the fate of lactate generated by the red blood cell in the Cori cycle
27: Describe the role of UDP - glucose in galactose metabolism
28: List the major reactions that replenish TCA cycle intermediates
29: Describe the purpose of the electron transport chain (particularly complexes I, III, and IV) and ATP synthase, their substrates and products, their cellular localization, and their tissue distribution
Explanation / Answer
Answer1 ) Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzymes that participates in Citric acid cycle and Electron transport chain. It oxidizes the Succinate to Fumarate. the electrons are provided to Q (quinone) by FADH2 and Succinate dehydrogenase in th electron trasnport chain.
Answer 2a) Essential amino acid cannot be made in the body body. Thus it is to be taken or consumed from the food.There are 9 essential amino acids. They are: Histidine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, tryptophan, Phenylalanine, lysine and threonine.
Non essential amino acid: Body can produces these amino acid even if we do not get it from the food.These amino acids are alanine, aspargine, glutamate and aspartate
Answer 2b) When a body goes through any trauma, sepsis or injury non essential amino acids become conditionally essential amino acids.The body demands more of these amino acids which are beyond capacity of production. thus it is provided from outside through diet. They are known are conditional amino acids. examplka are cysteine, arginine and glutamine.
Answer 3)
Inhibitors are uncouplers change the drection of electron transport chain. Reverse step occurs. The oxidation in turned into reduction state. The reduced parts are accumulate to the upstream of the inhibition point while oxidized forma are in the downstream to the inhibition point.
Energy is not released and because of that the ATP sysnthesis is stopped.
Answer 4) Energy rewuired by RBC is through glucose metabolism. And for that glycolysis takes plae. but due to absence of mitochondria, RBC proceeds with anaerobic glycolysis processfor ATP production.Pyruvate is converted to Lactate via Lactate dehydrogenase.
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