Clearly describe difference between haploid and diploid cells. Give examples How

Question

Clearly describe difference between haploid and diploid cells. Give examples How do pluripotent cells differ from multipotent cells? Why is a zygote considered a totipotent cell? Arrange the following terms from higher potential to lesser potential: mullipotent, unipotent, totipotent, pluripotent and oligopotent. Refers to a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm How do embryonic stem cells differ from somatic stems cells?

Explanation / Answer

A diploid cell is a cell with two sets of chromosomes. One set of chromosomes is received from the ovum and the other set of chromosomes is received from the spermatozoon. For example human somatic cells like the skin cells, liver cells, lung cells etc are all diploid cells. 46 chromosomes are present in all these cells with 23 chromosomes received from the mother and the other 23 chromosomes are received from the father. A haploid cell is a cell with one set of chromosomes or half the usual number of chromosomes. For example, the gametes are all haploid cells. These cells are generated from the diploid cells after meiosis or reductive cell division during which process the chromosome number gets halved. Pluripotent cells are those cells that can give rise to all cell types found in the body. For example embryonic stem cells are pluripotent in nature. Multipotent cells are those cells that can form more than one different cell type but they cannot give rise to all cell types that make up the body like the pluripotent cells. For example hematopoietic stem cells are multipotent cells. A totipotent cell is a type of cell that can give rise to all type of cells that are found in an organism together with the extraembryonic cells or placental cells. Zygote is considered totipotent as it can divide and produce any cell type plus extra embryonic cells. However these totipotent cells found in the zygote, after several cell division cycles, begin to specialize and become pluripotent cells. Totipotent > Pluripotent > Multipotent > Oligopotent > Unipotent Pluripotent stem cell is the stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent in nature and can divide and produce any cell type that make up the body while on the other hand somatic stem cells or adult stem cells have limited ability to differentiate. They can differentiate into cell types of their tissue of origin. For example hematopoietic stem cells found in the bone marrow of adults can differentiate and form only different type of cells present in blood. But they cannot differentiate into other type of cells.

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