Neurotransmitter systems are metabolic processes within neurons that determine t
ID: 86787 • Letter: N
Question
Neurotransmitter systems are metabolic processes within neurons that determine the specificity of neuron-to-neuron communication in nervous systems. Define one neurotransmitter system by (1) naming the neurotransmitter; (2) identifying a metabolic precursor of that transmitter indicating whether that transmitter is typically excitatory or inhibitory on the post-synaptic neuron and (4) stating the type of re-uptake mechanism (if any) that that transmitter system includes. Combine these four aspects of a neurotransmitter system to explain how chemical neurotransmitter systems in a nervous system secure movement of specific information through the nervous system. The structure of the nervous system: Brains organize neurons, synapses and neurotransmitter systems into a structured information processing organ of the body, transforming sensing of the world into action in the world. Identify the major divisions of the brain (1) cerebrum (2) brainstem and (3) spinal cord in their rostral-to-caudal position in the body. Explain how the function of each of these divisions (cerebrum, brainstem and spinal cord) differs in the nature of the sensory information it takes in and the motor information it nuts out.Explanation / Answer
1.The neurotransmitter - Acetylcholine
2. The metabolic precursor of Acetylcholine:
Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetyl coenzyme A and choline by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase.
In the nervous system, this enzyme is thought to exist primarily in the nerve terminal cytoplasm.
Coenzyme A is synthesized in mitochondria and accesses choline acetyltransferase following transport across the mitochondrial membrane into the cytoplasm.
In addition to its synthesis in the liver, choline employed in acetylcholine production is derived from dietary sources.
3.Acetylcholine is the major excitatory neurotransmitter .
4.After acetylcholine is released, it must be inactivated. Inactivation can be through a reuptake mechanism or by an enzyme that stops the action of the chemical.
Reuptake, or re-uptake, is the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter of a pre-synaptic neuron after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse.
Some neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by special transporter proteins on the pre-synaptic membrane. ...
One important neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, has a specialized enzyme for inactivation right in the synaptic cleft calledacetylcholinesterase (AChE).
5.synapses are the junctions where neurons pass signals to other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells.
Most nerve-to-nerve signaling and all known nerve-to-muscle and nerve-to-gland signaling rely on chemical synapses at which the presynaptic neuron releases a chemical neurotransmitter that acts on the postsynaptic target cell.
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