PLEASE TYPE THE ANSWER AND TYPE YOUR WORK. Thank You! Nearly everyone has had a

Question

PLEASE TYPE THE ANSWER AND TYPE YOUR WORK. Thank You!

Nearly everyone has had a cold. When you have a cold, your symptoms might include a stuffy nose, sore throat, and cough. But what is happening inside your body to make you feel this way? The common cold is caused by a virus. You have probably heard the word virus before, but do you know what a virus looks like? Do you know how viruses invade your body and reproduce? Is a virus alive?

In this unit, you are going to explore the world of viruses! Begin by reading some interesting facts about deadly viruses and answer some questions. After you answer the questions in Part 1, please save your answers in a word processing document and continue to Part 2.

Part 1 (10 points)

Read this article(http://www.livescience.com/56598-deadliest-viruses-on-earth.html) about the deadliest viruses on Earth. Answer the following questions.

1.What factors were considered in creating this list of the nine deadliest viruses on Earth? Why might these factors be important when classifying viruses?

2.Based on the way these viruses spread and attack other organisms, would you consider them living or nonliving? Explain your answer.

3.Explain any similarities in the ways that these nine viruses are contracted and spread.

4.Do you see any patterns related to the countries that are most affected by deadly viruses? Why do you think these countries have issues with deadly viruses?

5.In your opinion, which virus seems to be the most deadly? Why?

Part 2 (10 points)

Complete independent research to learn some basic information about viruses. Use reliable resources such as academic and government websites to complete this graphic organizer. Save your completed graphic organizer and move on to Part 3.

Part 3 (30 points)

Now that you know some information about viruses, find out the types of diseases that are caused by viruses. Use this table to organize your information. You will notice that there are two empty rows at the bottom of the table. Find two viruses that have not been discussed yet and record information about them in the two empty rows. You can choose any viruses that interest you! When you have completed the table, save the document.

What is a virus? How large is a virus? VIRUSES What characteristics of liv and nonliving organisms do viruses have? What are the different parts of a virus? How do viruses multiply in the body?

Explanation / Answer

part 3 of the question

This infection of the liver is caused by the hepatitis C virus. About 3.5 million people in the U.S. have the disease. But it causes few symptoms, so most of them don't know.

There are many forms of the hepatitis C virus. The most common in the U.S. is type 1. None is more serious than any other, but they respond differently to treatment.

What Are the Symptoms?

Many people with Hepatitis have no symptoms. But you could notice these:

Jaundice (a condition that causes yellow eyes and skin, as well as dark urine)
Stomach pain
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Fatigue

How Do You Get It?

The virus spreads through the blood or body fluids of an infected person

Sharing drugs and needles
Having sex, especially if you have an STD, an HIV infection, several partners, or have rough sex
Being stuck by infected needles
Birth -- a mother can pass it to a child

Hepatitis C isn’t spread through food, water, or by casual contact.

Who Gets It?

The CDC recommends you get tested for the disease if you:

Received blood from a donor who had the disease.
Have ever injected drugs.
Had a blood transfusion or an organ transplant before July 1992.
Received a blood product used to treat clotting problems before 1987.
Were born between 1945 and 1965.
Have been on long-term kidney dialysis.
Have HIV.
Were born to a mother with hepatitis C.

What is herpes simplex?

The herpes simplex virus, also known as HSV, is an infection that causes herpes. Herpes can appear in various parts of the body, most commonly on the genitals or mouth. There are two types of the herpes simplex virus.

HSV-1: Also known as oral herpes, this type can cause cold sores and fever blisters around the mouth and on the face.
HSV-2: This type is generally responsible for genital herpes outbreaks.

How Is It Treated?

Hepatitis C treatments have changed a lot in recent years. In January 2016, the FDA gave approval to a once-daily pill combination of elbasvir and grazoprevir called Zepatier. It has been shown to have the ability to cure the disease in almost 100% of those treated. It follows the success of another once-daily treatment called Harvoni that cures the disease in most people in 8-12 weeks. Harvoni combines two drugs: sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) and ledipasvir. In clinical trials, the most common side effects in both drugs were fatigue and headache.

What causes herpes simplex?

The herpes simplex virus is a contagious virus that can be passed from person to person through direct contact. Children will often contract HSV-1 from early contact with an infected adult. They then carry the virus with them for the rest of their lives.

HSV-1

Infection with HSV-1 can happen from general interactions such as:

eating from the same utensils
sharing lip balm
kissing

The virus spreads more quickly when an infected person is experiencing an outbreak. Anywhere from 30 to 95 percent of adults are seropositive for HSV-1, though they may never experience an outbreak. It’s also possible to get genital herpes from HSV-1 if someone who performed oral sex had cold sores during that time.

HSV-2

HSV-2 is contracted through forms of sexual contact with a person who has HSV-2. It is estimated that around 20 percent of sexually active adults in the United States are infected with HSV-2, according to the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD). While HSV-2 infections are spread through contact with a herpes sore, the AAD reports that most people get HSV-1 from an infected person who is asymptomatic, or does not have sores.

RISK FACTORS

Who is at risk of developing herpes simplex infections?

Anyone can be infected with HSV, regardless of age. Your risk is based almost entirely on exposure to the infection.

In cases of sexually transmitted HSV, people are more at risk when they participate in risky sexual behavior without the use of protection, such as condoms. Other risk factors for HSV-2 include:

having multiple sex partners
having sex at a younger age
being female
having another sexually transmitted infection (STI)
having a weakened immune system

If a pregnant woman is having an outbreak of genital herpes at the time of childbirth, it can expose the baby to both types of HSV, and may put them at risk for serious complications.

How is herpes simplex treated?

There is currently no cure for this virus. Treatment focuses on getting rid of sores and limiting outbreaks.

It is possible that your sores will disappear without treatment. However, your doctor may determine you need one or more of the following medications:

acyclovir
famciclovir
valacyclovir

These medications can help infected individuals reduce the risk of spreading the virus to others. The medications also help to lower the intensity and frequency of outbreaks. These medications may come in oral (pill) form, or may be applied as a cream. For severe outbreaks, these medications may also be administered by injection.

The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known viruses in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans.

Infection with EBV occurs by the oral transfer of saliva[8] and genital secretions.

causes fatigue, fever, inflamed throat, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, enlarged spleen, swollen liver, or rash.[11]

Treatment

Like other viruses, Epstein-Barr can't be treated with antibiotics. Mono should clear up on its own without treatment in a few weeks.

What You Can Do at Home

Although no medicine can cure an EBV infection, you can take these steps at home to ease your symptoms:

Get plenty of rest.
Drink a lot of water and other liquids to stay hydrated.
Suck on lozenges or ice pops, or gargle with warm salt water, to make your sore throat feel better.
Take painkillers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen to bring down fever and relieve body aches. (Don't give aspirin to children under 19 years of age because of the risk of a rare but serious condition called Reye’s syndrome.)

Ease back into work or school, taking things slowly until you feel better. For a month or so, avoid sports, heavy lifting, or other vigorous activities in which you could injure your spleen.

Prevention

No vaccine can protect you against the EBV virus. The best way to avoid catching it is to stay away from anyone who has mono.

Don't share any items, including glasses, silverware, and toothbrushes, with someone who is infected. Also avoid kissing or having sex with an infected person.

rhinovirus

The rhinovirus is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures between 33–35 °C, the temperatures found in the nose.

Symptoms include sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing and cough; sometimes accompanied by muscle aches, fatigue, malaise, headache, muscle weakness, or loss of appetite. Fever and extreme exhaustion are more usual in influenza. Children may have six to twelve colds a year. In the United States, the incidence of colds is higher in the autumn and winter, with most infections occurring between September to April.

Approach Considerations

Rhinovirus (RV) infections are predominantly mild and self-limited; thus, treatment is generally focused on symptomatic relief and prevention of person-to-person spread and complications. The mainstays of therapy include rest, hydration, antihistamines, and nasal decongestants. Antibacterial agents are not effective unless bacterial superinfection occurs. No antiviral agents are available to treat infections. Development of a vaccine is nearly impossible, because of the large number of RV serotypes.

Inpatient care is rarely required. Persons with RV infections are almost universally treated as outpatients. Referral to an allergist is appropriate if the patient has chronic rhinitis that is unresponsive to environmental and pharmacologic intervention.

Patients may limit their activity during the course of the infection, with clinical improvement occurring 48-72 hours after the prodrome of symptoms. Patients can reassured that the usual course of illness is 6-10 days.

varicella zoster virus

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is one of eight herpesviruses known to infect humans. VZV infections are species-specific to humans. It causes chickenpox (varicella), a disease most commonly affecting children, teens and young adults and herpes zoster (shingles) in older adults; shingles is rare in children.

Primary varicella zoster virus infection results in chickenpox (varicella), which may result in complications including encephalitis, pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia), or bronchitis (either viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis). Even when clinical symptoms of chickenpox have resolved, VZV remains dormant in the nervous system of the infected person (virus latency), in the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia.[2]

In about 10–20% of cases, VZV reactivates later in life, producing a disease known as shingles or herpes zoster. VZV can also infect the central nervous system, with a 2013 article reporting an incidence rate of 1.02 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in Switzerland, and an annual incidence rate of 1.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in Sweden.[3]

Other serious complications of varicella zoster infection include postherpetic neuralgia, Mollaret's meningitis, zoster multiplex, and inflammation of arteries in the brain leading to stroke,[4] myelitis, herpes ophthalmicus, or zoster sine herpete. In Ramsay Hunt syndrome, VZV affects the geniculate ganglion giving lesions that follow specific branches of the facial nerve. Symptoms may include painful blisters on the tongue and ear along with one sided facial weakness and hearing loss.

Within the human body it can be treated by a number of drugs and therapeutic agents including acyclovir for the chicken pox, famciclovir, valaciclovir for the shingles, zoster-immune globulin (ZIG), and vidarabine. VZV immune globulin is also a treatment.

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