Your thurst and hunger centers tells you that you are dehydrated and hungary. yo
ID: 8889 • Letter: Y
Question
Your thurst and hunger centers tells you that you are dehydrated and hungary. you decide a cold water and chicken wings will satisfy such desires. you need to reach for you beverage on the counter directly in front of you. your starting point should be anatomical position. 1. specify the movements, muscles, bones and joints involved in reaching for the glass and bringing it to your mouth 2. trace the path of the water from the mouth to the urethra, listing the path in as much detail as possible. 3. you finally go in for some chicken wings, specify the movements, muscels bones and joints involved in opening your mouth and chewing. 4. trace the path of the chicken wings from the mouth to the anus in as much detail as possible.Explanation / Answer
1. When a person initiates a movement, events in the brain and the spinal cord generate action potentials in the axons of the motor neurons. Each of these axons branch out to send action potentials to many muscle fibers. Motor neurons carry information from the brain toward the spinal cord or out of the brain and spinal cord to effectors through cranial and spinal nerves. Stimulation of the effectors by motor neurons causes muscles to contract. Most nerve impulses that stimulate muscles to contract originate in the central nervous system. 2. It enters the mouth and flows through the pharynx. After pharynx and esophagus it enters the stomach, where is mixed with the rest of the food. Leaving stomach through pylorus, into 12-inch long beginning part of bowel, where most of it is absorbed into the arterial blood stream, through tentacle-shaped absorbing part of the bowel. The rest is in form of "porridge" and travels through the rest of the bowel, until it enters caecus. In this part of bowel, the rest of water is absorbed to the arterial blood stream through bowel wall, forming pretty solid fecal mass in the end. From the blood stream, water goes into cells, where it collects cell excretions. Such "contaminated" water is turned back into venal blood stream, that leads to the heart, via kidneys. Wastes in the blood come from the normal breakdown of active tissues, such as muscles, and from food. The body uses food for energy and self-repairs. After the body has taken what it needs from food, wastes are sent to the blood. If the kidneys did not remove them, these wastes would build up in the blood and damage the body. The actual removal of wastes occurs in tiny units inside the kidneys called nephrons. Each kidney has about a million nephrons. In the nephron, a glomerulus—which is a tiny blood vessel, or capillary—intertwines with a tiny urine-collecting tube called a tubule. The glomerulus acts as a filtering unit, or sieve, and keeps normal proteins and cells in the bloodstream, allowing extra fluid and wastes to pass through. A complicated chemical exchange takes place, as waste materials and water leave the blood and enter the urinary system. At first, the tubules receive a combination of waste materials and chemicals the body can still use. The kidneys measure out chemicals like sodium, phosphorus, and potassium and release them back to the blood to return to the body. In this way, the kidneys regulate the body’s level of these substances. The right balance is necessary for life. In addition to removing wastes, the kidneys release three important hormones: erythropoietin, or EPO, which stimulates the bone marrow to make red blood cells, renin, which regulates blood pressure, calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, which helps maintain calcium for bones and for normal chemical balance in the body. Not all amount of water in blood is immediately sent to the kidneys. It circulates through the body, until enough "disposal" water in the blood is collected to be released in kidneys. Then it goes to the blood filtration part inside the kidney, where blood elements remain in blood stream, and water with impurities is expelled from the blood stream. That "waste water" is collected in bladder, until enough amount is collected to be economically released, through urethra. 3,4. Before you even take a bite, your nose smells them and signals the brain, which sends word to the nerves controlling your mouth's salivary (spit) glands. Once the glands have their cue, they get busy secreting juices, making your mouth water. When you bite into the sandwich, the salivary glands get even more excited and secrete more saliva, making the food moister and easier to swallow. The gastrointestinal tract starts in the oral cavity (mouth) where your teeth grind and chew food, breaking it into small manageable pieces. This chewing process, known as mastication, is dependent upon powerful muscles (masseter and temporalis), as well as smaller muscles that permit fine control; they move the mandible (lower jawbone) against the upper jaw and enable crushing of relatively hard food. Mastication causes exocrine glands under the tongue and in the back of the mouth to secrete a watery liquid called saliva which performs two essential functions. It moistens and compacts the chewed food so your tongue can roll it into a ball (bolus) and push it to the back of your mouth for swallowing and easy passage through the pharynx and esophagus. In addition, saliva contains digestive enzymes (eg. salivary amylase) which begin the breakdown of carbohydrates. Mastication and saliva secretion work in harmony: chewing increases the surface area of foods which helps to accelerate the breakdown of starch molecules into simple sugars by the digestive enzymes. Almost no protein or fat digestion occurs in the mouth, except for the release of lingual lipase an enzyme secreted by Ebner's glands on the dorsal surface of the tongue. The actions of the teeth and tongue prepare food for swallowing. When you are ready to swallow, the tongue pushes a piece of chewed food (a bolus) toward the back of your throat and into the opening of the esophagus - the tube which connects to the stomach. To prevent food in the throat from rising into the nasal cavity or moving down the windpipe (trachea), the act of swallowing triggers two involuntary events. The soft palate (the back of the roof of the mouth) closes off the nasal cavity while the epiglottis, a flap of cartilage attached to the root of the tongue tilts downward to seal the trachea. The swallowing procedure is regulated by nerves in the medulla oblongata and pons. The reflex is instigated by receptors in the throat as a bolus of food is pushed to the back of the mouth by the tongue. Food is then swallowed and passes into the pharynx, or throat. When we swallow, passages to the lungs (windpipe) and the nasal cavity are automatically closed, and the food goes into the esophagus - a muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach. Food is propelled through the esophagus and into the stomach by means of muscular contractions called peristalsis. At the bottom of the esophagus, just before the opening to the stomach is a ring-shaped muscle known as the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). This muscle relaxes (opens) to let food into the stomach and then tightens (closes) to prevent regurgitation. The stomach serves as a temporary holding station and food-processor for the chewed and swallowed food. It has the ability to expand or contract depending upon the amount of food it contains. The stomach aids digestion in two ways. Its strong muscular walls churn the food into chyme - a semi-fluid mixture resembling porridge - while glands within the walls secrete gastric juice - a blend of hydrochloric acid and various digestive enzymes - that helps to digest foods like protein, fats, a few carbohydrates and alcohol. To prevent the stomach from digesting itself(!) its walls are lined with a membrane called mucosa which secretes a protective slimy substance called mucus. Liquids pass through the stomach in a matter of minutes, while solid food can remain in the stomach for up to 5 hours. Chyme slowly exits the stomach and passes into the small intestine. Approximately 17 feet in length, the small intestine is a coiled tube made up of three sections - the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. As the semi-digested food (chyme) enters the duodenum from the stomach, the duodenal lining releases intestinal hormones that stimulate the gallbladder and pancreas to release special digestive juices (bile and pancreatic juice) which help to further break down food molecules in the chyme. It is in the small intestine that most nutrients are digested and absorbed, although different nutrients are absorbed at different speeds. Typically carbs are digested most rapidly, followed by proteins and finally fats. Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) consist of molecules tiny enough for the body to absorb without breaking them down first, but water soluble vitamins are absorbed faster than fat soluble ones. The duodenum and jejunum is where the chyme is broken down, while the ileum is responsible for absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream. The absorbed nutrients pass through the bloodstream to the liver where they are processed and either stored or distributed to other parts of the body. After every useful, digestible ingredient other than water has been wrung out of the chyme, the remaining "waste" passes into the large intestine. Aside from breaking down and absorbing nutrients, the digestive system also converts food into energy to help power the muscles and fuel the millions of chemical reactions needed to sustain good health. After immediate energy requirements have been satisfied, any remaining surplus is stored as glycogen (a small reserve of liquid energy stored in the liver and muscles), or body fat. Also known as the large bowel, the large intestine - consisting of 3 sections, the cecum, colon and rectum - is approximately 5 feet in length and has two main functions: to absorb all remaining water from the food waste and to compress the remaining matter into a compact bundle (feces or stool) so that defecation (excretion of waste) is easy and convenient. The cecum is a short pouch containing a valve which opens to receive chyme from the ileum. The colon absorbs water and through bacterial action reduces the bulk of fiber in the feces. The rectum is the terminal segment of the digestive tract, in which feces accumulate just prior to discharge. They are discharged through the anus which contains two important muscles - the internal sphincter and the external sphincter. The internal sphincter is always tight, except when feces enter the rectum, in order to keep us continent (eg) when we are asleep.
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