Show the reaction of pyrldtoium chloride with sodium hydroxide. Indicate which l

Question

Show the reaction of pyrldtoium chloride with sodium hydroxide. Indicate which layer (aqueous or organic) each component in the reaction will mainly reside in (For both products and reactants). Show the reaction of p-cresol with KOH. Indicate which layer (aqueous or organic) each component in the reaction will mainly reside in. Show the reaction of formic acid with NaHCO_3 (sodium bicarbonate). Indicate which layer (aqueous or organic or both) each component in the reaction reaction will mainly reside in. To the salt obtained in question 2, what would you do to recover phenol in its solid form? (include laboratory- procedures) Construct a flowchart for the separation of 4-chloroaniline, benzoic acid, and biphenyl. A sample of 4-nitroaniline is contaminated with a small amount of sand and KCl. Using active extraction (changing the polarity by addition of certain chemicals)) and a gravity filtration to remove a component, describe how you would obtain pure 4-nitroaniline in its solid form from this mixture using only water as the solvent.

Explanation / Answer

First the sample is washed with water. KCl dissolves in water and the remaining species are insoluble. Gravity filtration separates 4-nitroaniline and sand from water containing KCl.
Now the sample containing 4-nitroaniline and sand is dissolved in water containing an acid such as HCl. 4-nitroaniline forms hydrochloride salt and dissolves. Sand remains insoluble. Gravity separation separates insoluble sand from soluble hydrochloride salt of 4-nitroaniline.
The hydrochloride salt of 4-nitroaniline is then treated with aqueous NaOH which neutralizes the salt and regenerates free 4-nitroaniline which is water insoluble and is separated by gravity filtration.

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