d concepts. These questions can be approached from a number of angles the treatm
ID: 90219 • Letter: D
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d concepts. These questions can be approached from a number of angles the treatment often involves the removal of the thymus. Discuss why this treatment is therapeutic for this condition based upon your knowledge of basic immunology. 6. a. Explain why white cells but not red cells are normally found in lymph. b. Explain why swollen lymph nodes are often indicative of a microbial infection. Summarize the action of phagocytes in reaction to an invading microbe. Can a pathogen ever evade phagocytosis? Why or why not? 8. a. Inflammation is characterized by heat, pain, redness, and swelling. Discuss the vascular changes that lead to the development of these signs and symptoms b. Construct a paragraph explaining how immune cells migrate to the site of injury. Use the following terms vasodilation, margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis, and chemoattractant. 9. The diagnosis of tuberculosis involves the observation of lung structures called tubercles on an X ray. What immunologic process leads to the formation of tubercles, and what type of immune cells may comprise these lesions? 10. HIV predominantly infects T helper cells, cells that are responsible for coordinating B- and T-cell activity. Based upon this information, explain why HIV-infected individuals are at a very high risk for developing microbial infections.Explanation / Answer
6 (a).lymph is a clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries the cells that fight against the infections and diseases.Its composition is comparable to plasma except it consists of the WBCs including basophils,mono cytes, eosinophils, neutrophils lymphocytes fight against infection of all kinds neutrophils and basophils work against bacteria . Monocytes act as the phagocyte (phage eating cells ) Lymphocytes (B & T ) produces antibodies that work against antigens (disease causing microbes). Hence lymph consists of WBCs and not RBC.
7. Action of phagocytic cells at the site of infection.
firstly; phagocytes attach to bacterium
2. Phagocytosie is initiated by the receptors on phagocytic cells acting complementarily to the antigen
3. Phage cell engulfs the bacterium/antigen.
4. formation of phagosome.
5. Breakdown of antigen by lytic enzymes into useful
products (amino acids etc. ) which are further used by the cell.
7 (ii) Yes the pathogen can evades phagocytosis by several ways .
- By avoiding contact with the phage cells (They can invades in region which are out of reach of the phage cells. e.g. Urinary bladder.
or they can also inhibit phagocyte chemotoxins.
- They can also wide their antigenic surface.
- Engulfment by the phage cells is also inhibited.
8. Vascular changes when a tissue is damaged by wound/pathogen include;
- Redness- caused due to the dilation of capillaries , increasing blood flow
-Swelling - caused due to passage of plasma from blood to the site which is damaged.
-Heat - also caused due to the dilation of capillaries leading to increased blood flow.
Pain - caused due to the destruction of the tissue which is infected . This is how inflammatory response is generated.
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