A patient is given HPD 72 hours prior to the investigation of a malignant tumour

Question

A patient is given HPD 72 hours prior to the investigation of a malignant tumour. Describe and draw an endoscopic system for the diagnosis and treatment of the malignant tumour. a) Give some details (five (5) lines) relating to the diagnosis using the above method. i) Discuss how it is done. (three (3) lines) ii) What laser in the figure is useful to achieve the tumour diagnosis? (one (1) short line) ii) What kind of fiber would you use to transmit both red and UV radiations? Why? (one (1) line) b) Give some details (three (3) to four (4) lines) relating to the therapy of the malignant tumour using this method. i) Discuss how it is done. (three (3) lines or so) ii) What laser in the figure is useful to achieve therapy of the tumour?

Explanation / Answer

Diagnosis of Malignant tumour:

The first stage of diagnosis of malignant tumor often is postponed because up to 80 percent of patients are asymptomatic during the early stages of stomach cancer.9 In Japan,most of the incidence of adenocarcinoma and rigorous screening processes have tended to a big number of cases of malignant tumor being detected in an early stage (i.e., when limited to the mucosa and submucosa, with or without lymph node involvement). Unluckly, in the United States, most cases of malignant tumor are discovered only after local invasion has advanced.

Weight loss, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, early satiety, and peptic ulcer are the symptoms of malignant tumor.

Treatments: The treatments malignant tumor are RADIOTHERAPY, CHEMOTHERAPY, SURGERY.

A) Photodynamic therapy is under intense investigation as an adjuvant treatment for malignant glial tumors of the central nervous system. HpD is currently the most actively investigated photosensitizing agent. A crucial issue regarding the safe and efficacious usage of HpD based photodynamic therapy is the individual in vivo kinetics of tumor uptake and retention, compared with normal brain clearance. The optimal time for photoactivation of sensitized tumor must be known to ensure a high target-to-nontarget ratio, resulting in the maximal tumor destruction while preserving normal brain.Laboratory developed a radionuclide scan based on 111indium (111In)-labeled HpD-II to evaluate HpD-II localization and clearance noninvasively within a canine model of intracerebral gliosarcoma.

I) it has been employed to sterilise blood plasma and water to remove blood brone viruses and microbes.When a photosensitiser is in its excited state it can interact with molecular triplet oxygen (3O2) and produce radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), crucial to the Type II mechanism. These species include singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and superoxide (O2) ions. They can interact with cellular components including unsaturated lipids, amino acid residues and nucleic acids. If sufficient oxidative damage ensues, this will result in target-cell death (only within the illuminated area).

Ii) LITT laser in the figure is useful to achieve the tumor diagnosis.

Iii)Optical Fiber.

Optical fibers are used most as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than wire cables.

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