How do cardiovascular reflexes maintain: BP, oxygen levels and carbon dioxide le

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How do cardiovascular reflexes maintain: BP, oxygen levels and carbon dioxide levels. (Ex. If BP drops, what will the heart do to bring It back up to homeostatic range) (Make sure you discuss the receptor, the control center and the instructions going to the effector) A multiple choice question: If BP drops how do cardiac reflexes help to fix the problem? A. increase sympathetic activity, B. decrease parasympathetic activity, C. increase HR, D. increase SV, E. all of the above From cardiovascular part C: know how the ANS (sympathetic and parasympathetic) affects the Heart Rate (by acting at the SA node) and thus CO, know how the EDV and ESV can be affected to alter the SV and thus the CO, what is preload, what is afterload? How the vasomotor reflexes (blood vessels) maintain: BP, O2 and CO2 levels (Make sure you discuss the receptor, the control center and the instructions going to the effector) How the respiratory reflexes maintain: O2 and CO2 levels and blood pH (Make sure you discuss the receptor, the control center and the instructions going to the effector). How does a respiratory reflex aid In respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis? How the pre-capillary sphincter changes to keep local levels of O2, CO2 and pH constant at local levels at the peripheral tissues/cells Know how why EPO would be released, where its released from and what it does at its target site (production of RBCs to aid in O2 levels). Know how blood flows through the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Know the major arteries and veins coming into and out of the heart. Know the chambers and valves. Be able to graph a neuronal action potential and show where the 2 phases are on the graph, the names of those phases and where the channels open or close on the graph. Also, are the tons flowing into or out of the cell. Be able to graph a cardiac action potential and show where the 3 phases are on the graph, the names of those phases and where the channels open or close on the graph. Also, are the ions flowing into or out of the cell. Choose 2 cells, tissues, or organs. State a function performed by this cell, tissue or organ and then explain what structural feature of this cell, tissue or organ allows for this particular function. The cells, tissues or organs should be from different organ systems. Ex. The stomach is able to expand and hold food until its ready to move into the small intestine. The stomach is able to expand greatly due to rugae. Rugae are longitudinal folds of the mucosa and submucosa tunics. (You may not use this example on the exam)

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