1) How does tuberculosis(TB) evade the human immune system? -TB replicates insid
ID: 91335 • Letter: 1
Question
1) How does tuberculosis(TB) evade the human immune system?
-TB replicates inside macrophages
-TB replicates much more quickly than most bacterial diseases
-TB usually enters the body via blood in an open wound
-TB is injected into the bloodstream via the bite of a mosquito
2) When you get a splinter, what is the response of your innate immune system?
-B-cells bind to antigens of bacteria that have entered the wound
-Cytotoxic T-Cells release histamine
-Capillaries become more permeable and release antimicrobial proteins into the tissue
3) The Nitrogen that is excreted in the urine produced by a wolf's kidney was first in what form (the longest time ago)?
-Atmospheric Nitrogen
-In the DNA of a deer
-In the proteins of grass
-B-cells bind to antigens of bacteria that have entered the wound
-Cytotoxic T-Cells release histamine
Explanation / Answer
Answer:
1. (a) TB replicates inside macrophages
Explanation:
When a macrophage contacts an M. tuberculosis cell, it is able to engulf, however the bacterial cell is able to block the ability of the macrophage to deliver the killing digestive enzymes from cellular organelles called “lysosomes.”
The end result is that the bacteria get engulfed by macrophages, and then are able to grow inside the macrophage, which in turn allows the bacterium to evade other anti-microbial responses by the body. This means that in many cases, the body is unable to effectively clear the infection once it starts, leading to the chronic nature of many tuberculosis infections.
2. (c) Capillaries become more permeable and release antimicrobial proteins into the tissue
Explanation:
Here, innate immune system comes into play. Damaged tissue attracts mast cells which relase histamine which diffuses into capillaries. Histamine causes the capillaries to dilate and become leaky. Complement proteins leave to attract phagocytes. Blood plasma and phagocytes move into infected tissue. Phagocytes engulf bacteria and dead cells. Histamine and complement signaling cease, phagocytes no longer attracted.
3. (a) Atmospheric Nitrogen
Explanation:
Nitrogen Cycle is the circulation and reutilization of nitrogen in both inorganic and organic phases. Nitrogen gas makes up about 78% of Earth's atmosphere by volume. Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms capture atmospheric nitrogen by converting it to ammonia which can be taken up by plants and used to make organic molecules.
The nitrogen-containing molecules are passed to animals when the plants are eaten. They may be incorporated into the animal's body or broken down and excreted as waste, such as the urea found in urine.
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