1.Mutate the original sequence shown below following the rule: The fifth C becom
ID: 91875 • Letter: 1
Question
1.Mutate the original sequence shown below following the rule: The fifth C becomes a U.
a) val was replaced by phe b) phe was replaced by leu c) phe remained in the same place d) tyr was replaced by a stop codon
* What type of mutation is illustrated above in Mutation A? Explain your answer using relevant data from the mRNA and amino acid sequences.
2. Mutate the original sequence shown below following the rule: Insert an A in front of the fourth C.
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5 e) 6 f) 7 g) 8
*What is the resulting amino acid sequence from this mutation?
a)met lys leu ser arg val phe tyr b) met lys leu ser arg arg phe tyr c) met lys leu ser arg arg phe leu d) met lys leu ser arg arg phe stop e) met lys leu ser arg leu phe leu
*What type of mutation is illustrated above in Mutation B? Explain your answer using relevant data from the mRNA and amino acid sequences.
4. Mutate the original sequence shown below following the rule: The third U becomes an A.
-Which codon(s) (1-8) is/are affected by this mutation?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5 f) 6 g) 7 h) 8
5. Mutate the original sequence shown below following the rule: The third U becomes an A.
*What is the resulting amino acid sequence from this mutation?
a) met leu iso leu thr leu leu val b) met stop iso leu thr leu leu val c) met leu iso stop thr leu leu val d) met stop e) met leu iso leu thr leu stop
6. What type of mutation is illustrated above in Mutation C? Explain your answer using relevant data from the mRNA and amino acid sequences.
7. From the mutations you have explored, which one is the least severe. Explain your answer.
8. Explain the link between mutations and the development of cancer.
9. Explain the difference between somatic mutations and germ cell mutations.
10. What major biological theory relies upon mutations? Explain your answer.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mrna AUG AAA CUU UCA CGC GUU UUC UAUExplanation / Answer
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
mRNA
AUG
AAA
CUU
UCA
CGC
GUU
UUC
UAU
Mutated mRNA sequence after the fifth sequence becomes a U
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
mRNA
AUG
AAA
CUU
UCA
CGC
GUU
UUU
UAU
UUC codes for phenylalanine. After C is replaced by U the codon sequence is UUU. UUU also codes for phenylalanine. So, the correct option is option C, phenylalanine remained in the same place.
The mutation A illustrated above is an example of silent mutation. Silent mutations are a type of point mutations that result in a change of codon that code for the same amino acid. In the above example, UUC that codes for phenylalanine has been mutated to UUU that also codes for phenylalanine.
2. Original mRNA sequence is
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
mRNA
AUG
AAA
CUU
UCA
CGC
GUU
UUC
UAU
Amino acid sequence resulting from this sequence is
Met Lys Leu Ser Arg Val Phe Tyr
Mutated mRNA sequence after an A is inserted in front of fourth C is as follows:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
mRNA
AUG
AAA
CUU
UCA
CGA
CGU
UUU
CUA
U
Amino acid sequence resulting from this mutation is
Met Lys Leu Ser Arg Arg Phe Leu
So, the correct option is option C, Met Lys Leu Ser Arg Arg Phe Leu.
The mutation B illustrated above is an example of frameshift mutation as insertion of nucleotide A has altered the reading frame of the sequence resulting in a different amino acid sequence compared to the original amino acid sequence.
4. The original mRNA sequence is
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
mRNA
AUG
UUG
AUA
CUU
ACA
CUU
CUG
GUC
mRNA sequence after the third U becomes an A is as follows:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
mRNA
AUG
UAG
AUA
CUU
ACA
CUU
CUG
GUC
Because of mutation the 2nd codon is changed from UUG to UAG. So, the correct option is option B, 2.
5. The original mRNA sequence is
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
mRNA
AUG
UUG
AUA
CUU
ACA
CUU
CUG
GUC
mRNA sequence after the third U becomes an A is as follows:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
mRNA
AUG
UAG
AUA
CUU
ACA
CUU
CUG
GUC
Because of mutation the 2nd codon is changed from UUG to UAG. Amino acid sequence resulting from this mutation is as follows:
Met Stop
So, the correct option is option D, Met Stop.
6. Mutation C illustrated above is an example of a nonsense point mutation. Nonsense mutations are point mutations that cause a codon that code for an amino acid to mutate to one of the three stop codons. In the above example UUG that codes for Leu has been converted to UAG that is a stop codon. These mutations result in an incomplete nonfunctional protein.
7. From all the mutations that are illustrated, mutation A is the least severe mutation as the mutation resulted in the substitution of the same amino acid in the amino acid sequence. With the result the protein that is formed will not be either structurally or functionally altered.
8. Cancer is caused due to uncontrolled division of cells. Cancer is not caused due to a single gene mutation but it is caused due to multiple mutations in tumor suppressor genes, apoptotic genes, oncogenes and in DNA repair genes. Oncogenes are those genes that normally signal the cells to grow. When these genes are mutated the cell continues to divide even though it has to stop dividing. Tumor suppressor genes are those genes that suppress formation of tumors. Mutations in these genes result in uncontrolled cell division causing cancer. Apoptotic genes are those genes that cause a cell to undergo programmed cell death. Mutations in these genes result in the cell to survive even if its DNA is altered due to mutation leading to cancer. DNA repair genes are those genes that repair the DNA mismatches. Mutations in these genes result in the mismatch being established and transferred from one generation of cells to the next. These mismatch mutations can also lead to cancer.
9. Somatic mutations are those mutations that occur in the somatic cells and hence are not passed from one generation to the other generation. On the other hand, germ line mutations are those mutations that occur in the gametes or a germ cell and hence these mutations are passed onto the next generation.
10. The major biological theory that relies upon mutation is evolution. Mutations result in the creation of new alleles and new regulatory regions and this contributes to evolution of a new species.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
mRNA
AUG
AAA
CUU
UCA
CGC
GUU
UUC
UAU
Related Questions
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.