If you can answer any of the following questions, that would be great! (BioChemi

Question

If you can answer any of the following questions, that would be great! (BioChemistry)

1. Explain how fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is created and degraded in the cell, how the metabolism of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is regulated and the effect fructose 2,6 bisphosphate has on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

2. Eating raw eggs will lead to the ingestion of avidin, a compound that tightly binds to the head group of biotin. What would be the result of this on a person’s blood sugar level?

3. What are the key glycolytic enzymes and why are they considered key? How are these steps overcome in gluconeogenesis?

4. What is the role biotin takes in pyruvate carboxylase catalytic mechanism?

5. Bumble bees are active when cold while other insects are dormant. This is due to a high rate of ATP hydrolysis. What might help bring this about?

6. How does liver restore the level of glucose for active muscles?

7. How are gluconeogenesis and glycolysis coordinated by nucleotides?

8. The mitochondrial inner membrane is very tight. This means that only a few compounds may permeate the membrane without a transporter. Oxaloacetate and NADH are two such compounds. In this light, how can gluconeogenesis continue?

9. Which metabolic steps differ from glycolysis in gluconeogenesis?

10. How are gluconeogenesis and glycolysis regulated reciprocally?

11. What role do citric acid cycle intermediates play in the regulation of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis?

Explanation / Answer

1) The enzyme, Phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK2) synthesize fructose-2,6-bisphosphate from fructose-6-phosphate by converting ATP to ADP.

And the enzyme, Fructose-Biosphosphatase-2 (FBPase2) break down fructose-2,6-bisphosphate into fructose-6-phosphate by using water and releasing a pyrophosphate (Pi)

PFK2/FBPase2 is a bifunctional enzyme so, cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of this bi-functional enzyme activates FBPase2 and inhibits PFK2.

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is an allosteric regulator that stimulates glycolysis by activating the enzyme, phosphofructokinase and also activates transcription of the gene Glucokinase (hexokinase).

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits the gluconeogenesis with the help of an enzyme, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.

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