Discuss how hormone levels are regulated in the blood. What mechanism controls h

Question

Discuss how hormone levels are regulated in the blood. What mechanism controls hormonal release? Can the method of hormone transport have an effect on blood hormone levels? Explain. Where are hormones metabolized? Can some types of hormones be stored? If so, where and which kind? Discuss the two forces that move sodium and potassium into or out of a cell. If the channels were equal in number, and the cell was halfway between +60mV and -94mV, which ion would have the greatest desire to move in its' preferred direction? Why? Is there an advantage for having sodium outside of the cell? What?

Explanation / Answer

1. In bloods hormone levels are regulated by glands only. If there is excess of any hormone there is always an inhibitory action of other hormone. For example, insulin and glucagon. These two hormones are inhibitory. Relese of insulin increases in blood when there is excess sugars in blood while glucagon inhibits relese of insulin in blood when it is not required. Other mechanisms include external signals to the particular cells initiate release of hormones, for example, epinephrine, which is called the stress hormone. It is released when there is excess of stress molecules in the body. It is the blood that carries hormones from one part of the body to another, These are endocrine gland's hormones. Then there are paracrine and autocrine where hormones travel to a nearby distance and act on the same cells respectively. example for paracrine is nerve cells where effector molecules are transferred between nearby axons. So for endocrine hormones can have effect on blood hormone levels. Hormones are either proteins or steroids. They are not metabolized but act as signalling molecules where they get in contact with cell and release another signal to make the changes in the cell. Yes hormone like insulin can be stored as it is commercially available also.

2. Sodium and potassium move in and out of cell through concentration gradients created by them in order to create an equilibrium. There ar especialized pumps for this purpose which act as active transport helping these molecules move in and out of the cell. This process also requires energy which is provided by ATP. For the rest of the answer I am not very sure.

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