Using no more than 12 propositions, create a Concept Map to describe the role of

Question

Using no more than 12 propositions, create a Concept Map to describe the role of surface membrane barriers, phagocytes, natural killer cells, and fever in innate body defense, and describe the lymphocytes and antibodies involved in the adaptive defenses. Concept Map: Overview of the Immune System is/are composed of antibodies may encounter antimicrobial proteins antigen-specific and adaptive cells and B and lymphocytes chemicals that form the first line of defense may encounter internal, fast-responding, and nonspecific cells and inflammation or fever chemicals that form the invading pathogens may encounter surface barriers of the body that mucous membranes form the phagocytes and natural may produce an killer cells immune response that induces second line of defense skin third line of defense

Explanation / Answer

overview

1 immunity is defined as the "resistance to disease".

2 functional system (vs organ system) consisting of immune cells : lymphocytes and macrophages.

3 modes of action : either direct action( cell attack) or indirect action ( releasing mobilizing chemicals and antibodies).

types of immunologic defence : non specific (mobilized quickly and no memory for specific foreign substances i.e antigens) and specific (cellular response with memory)

None specific defences

1 is an inherited trait

2 are mechanical barriers covering the body surfaces

3 protect from pathogens

4 respond immediately

surface membrane barriers (first line of defence)

1 intact skin epidermis

2 acid mantle of skin

3 keratin

4 intact mucous membrane

5 mucus

6 nasal hairs

7 urine

8 oil secretions

9 cilia

10 gastric juice

11 lacrimal secretions

Non specific cellular and chemical defences

i )Phagocytosis

engulf and destroy pathogens that breech surface barriers

macrophages also contribute to immune response

1) wandering macrophages (monocytes and neutrophils)

2) fixed macrophages ( kupffer cells in liver)

phagocytosis

1. chemotaxis

2. adherence - particular matter (antigens/microbe) adheres to phagocyte

3. phagocyte form pseudopods

4. ingestion - phagocytes engulf particles and transports it in a vessivle(phagosome)

5. phagosome fuses with a lysosome forming a phagolysosome

6. enzymes in phagolysosome digest the particles.

7. residula material is removed

ii) Natural killer (NK) cells

1. promote cell lysis by direct cell attack against virus infected and cancerous body cells.

2. refered to as null third population cells that are spontaneous non antigens recognizing.

3. lack surface antigen receptors but recognize certain surface sugars on infected or cancerous cells.

4. present in spleen , lymph node , red bone marrow and blood.

iii ) Inflammatory response

1. prevents spread of injurious agents to adjacent tissues, disposes of pathogens and dead tissue cells, and promote tissue repair

2. chemical mediator released attract phagocytesto the area .

3. inflammatory chemicals : histamine , kinins, prosglandins, compliment.

4. signs : redness, pain , heat and swelling.

CELLS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

Lymphocytes

1. hemocytoblast are commited in red bone marrow and immature lymphocyes are released into the circulatory system : differentiation of lymphocytes is dependent upon tissue where it becomes immunocompetant : thymus and bone marrow.

2. lymphocytes mounting attack against self antigens are destroyed.

3. each band T cells are unique with a specific type of protein receptor , production is genetically predetermined.

4. antigens only detrmine which existing T and B cells will proliferate and mount an attack against it.

ANTIBODIES - soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells

examples

lgD, lgM , lgG etc.

defence mechanism

1. complement fixation : antibodies binds to celluar target, their shapes changes and compliment binding sites are exposed on their constant regions , triggers ompliment fixation into antigen cell surface and cell lysis.

2. neutralization : antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins and therefore they cannot bind to receptor sites on tissues and ag ab complex is destroyed bt phagocytosis.5

3. agglutination - several antibodies binding to one or more antigens leading to precipitation.

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