dry tract. such as vomn el potentia arriers to pathoge Prally wca and chemical b
ID: 97609 • Letter: D
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dry tract. such as vomn el potentia arriers to pathoge Prally wca and chemical barriy t echanisms such as rriers to addition to these phy invasion, the body also uses defense hys viecontinu o these phy ,uses defense mechanisms such Path and sneezing to expel body also uses derense mechanis s uch as cess continually was diarhea, coughing. and sneezin ing, diarrhea, coughing, and pathogens beInnate immunity recognizes cha chInnate immunity is a response to invading pathogen l1 This innate response to invading pathogens is based on the s characteristic pathogen molecules t both soluble factors and a variety of differenttynesa inoe d on the recog athogens that involves of different types of blood cel at This innate response to invading pathogens is b nition of molecules that are characteristic of a These are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns PAMPs, Examples include the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found gram-negative bacterial cell walls; peptidoglycan, which is found in all bacterial cell walls; and viral DNA and RNA. Different re ceptor proteins exist that bind to each of these classes of molecules These receptors can be soluble proteins or membrane proteins on the surface of blood cells. t are characteristic of a type of pathogen. ular patterns, o in l Toll-like receptors The best studied of these innate receptor proteins is the Toll rece? tor in Drosophila and the Toll-like receptors (TLRS) foul species. In Drosophila, Toll was originally discovere LRs) found in na ered as a part in many dorsal-ventral patterning pathway. Later, the same receplor was found to mediate a response to fungal intc n the e membrin receptor was found to In vertebrates, 11 TLRs have been onse to fungal infection. 13 in the mouse. These bind to a variety o portant to pathogen survival, whie greatly. These include gram eins, bacterinl rates, 11 TLRs have been found in hum pathogen sur p o a variety of specific targets vival, which therefore do n ind t targets im- ore do not varyExplanation / Answer
No, they are not saying that these substances acts as receptors of innate immunity. They actually want to say that these substances i.e. lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans and constituents of viral DNA & RNA acts on the actual receptors of innate immunity present on blood cells such as macrophages, memory cells etc which recognise the organism by these substances and thus lead to their destruction and protecting the body.
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