Cells become cancerous after mutations accumulate in the various genes that cont

Question

Cells become cancerous after mutations accumulate in the various genes that control cell production. According to research findings from the Cancer Genome Project, most cancer cells possess 60 or more mutations. The challenge for medical researchers is to identify which of these mutations are responsible for particular kinds of cancer. Should a person be concerned about cancer arising from cells in the stratum granulosum which is a layer of the epidermis? a. No, the person should not be concerned. The epidermis consists of five layers. The first layer from inside (stratum basale) is the only layer that divides to form new cells. Stratum granulosum is the third layer from inside. Cells in this layer do not divide, they are mostly keratinized. If a cancer cell arises at this level, the cell will not be able to divide and increase the number of cancer cells. Eventually, this cell will move up in the layers of the epidermis: it will die and be replaced by new cells. b. A person should not be concerned of cancer in the stratum granulosum since the cancer is not deep in the stratum basale so it cannot get into the bloodstream and proliferate and spread. A cancer in the higher levels of skin layers can be taken out with incisions and are usually treatable and curable if caught in time. c. Yes, a person should be concerned about cancer cells arising in the stratum granulosum because it has thin bilayers, making it easy for cells that are able to pass through. Also, skin cancer is a cancer that usually has cancer cells that arise in the stratum granulosum. Alex and Leroy have been tied up in a wrestling hold for 30 minutes and neither is willing to relinquish their position as winner. It is obvious that both are exhausted. Infer how many molecules of ATP the muscle cells in the biceps would be making from four molecules of glucose at this point. a. From four molecules of glucose, there would be a net gain of 136 ATP molecules, Alex and Leroy's bodies would be in anaerobic respiration because their bodies are exhausted from wrestling for 30 minutes. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process where the glucose is broken down and forms pyruvate with the use of two molecules of ATP, leaving a net of two ATP molecules. b. For every four molecules of glucose produced in the biceps, there will be 64 molecules of ATP. This is also stated to be a 2: 1 ratio. Since the boys have been in a match for 30 minutes, they have been using their muscle fibers to the

Explanation / Answer

The most outer layer of skin is epidermis. Generally epidemis lacks blood blood supply. Epidermis consists of 5 parts

Stratum basale

Stratum spinosum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum lucidum and

Stratum corneum.

Only cells of stratum basale can divide mitotically. It gives rise to a cell called Keratinocytes which gives rise to the protein called Keratin. keratin makes our skin tough.

The other layers cannot divide and distantly located from blood supply. They provides strength and flexibility.

so stratum granulosum cannot form cancer as

In wrestling first few minutes both of them undergoes aerobic respiration, where they can get 30-36 ATP per molecule of glucose.Aerobic respiration consists of three steps -Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Electron transport chain. I am giving below the ATP yeild from each step-

glycolysis- 2 molecules

krebs cycle-2 molecules

Electron transport chain-34 molecules

total of 36 ATP we get but actually we get less than 36. Few ATP is needed to move pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix.

But after few minutes cell starts to respire anerobically that is respiration with out oxygen. It has a single step glycolysis. so we get only 2 molecules of ATP.

so 30 minutesafter wrestling there is not enough oxygen to completely break down glocose so there biseps undergoes anerobic respiration to produce 2 ATP from 1 molecules of glucose.

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