Which of these allele pairs is most likely to be inherited together (least likel

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Which of these allele pairs is most likely to be inherited together (least likely to recombine)? (See picture) A. A & C B. A & D C. B & C D. B & D E. C & D You see a recombination frequency of 50% between two genes. Which of the following possibilities can you exclude? That the genes are located close together on the same chromosome B. That the genes arc on different chromosomes C. That the genes arc assorting independently D. That the genes are located on the same chromosome, but very far apart Which of the following best explains the process of gene expression? A. How organisms reproduce and pass their genetic information B. Is how the DNA becomes mutated and those mutations are passed on C. Is how organisms express how they feel, their emotions, what drives them D. How the genotype, or DNA sequence, is decoded into phenotype by protein synthesis The genetic code is read in groups of three (3) nucleotides called codons. Some mutations arc called silent because they have no effect on the phenotype. How is that possible? A. Since there was a mutation in one of the codons, that gene will not be expressed. B. It is not possible, mutations are always expressed and always have an effect C. The mutation changed the codon but the new codon codes for the same amino acid D. The ribosome knows there was a mutation and will put the correct amino acid in place Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease. It is caused by one polar amino acid (glutamate) in the hemoglobin protein being replaced by a non-polar amino acid (valine) changing the structure and thus the function of the protein. Which of the following mutations is responsible? A. A mutation in the non-coding regions of the DNA that are not transcribed. B. A nucleotide substitution that changes the codon but not the amino acid coded. The deletion of the promoter region. C. A nucleotide substitution that changes the amino acid coded for an amino acid of similar properties. D. A nucleotide substitution that changes the amino acid coded for an amino acid of different properties. Which of the following happens in gene expression in prokaryotes? A poly A tail is added. B. Introns are spliced out. C. Exons are jointed together. D. A 7- methylguanosine cap(5' cap) is added to the 5' end of the RNA. E. Ribosomes bind and begin translation as the mRNA is being transcribe.

Explanation / Answer

11. As is seen in the diagram, C and D or, c and do are very close to each other. So, they have maximum probability to be inherited together. A or a is very much far away from the centrome and B, C, and D, so options A, B cannot be the answers.

B and C are nearby but not as much as C & D, so, option E is the answer.

12. If recombination frequency between 2 genes is 50%,then they have equal chances of recombination or being passed together. So, we cannot say that they do not assort independently or are very close to each other.

So, option A is the possibility that can be excluded in this case.

13. For an amino acid, there are more than 1 codon that codes for the same amino acid. If mutation has changed the original codon into another which codes for the same amino acid, then the mutation has no effect on the phenotype and it passes away silent.

So, option C is the answer.

15. For proper functioning of hemoglobin, the polar amino acid glutamate plays a crucial role. When it is substituted by a non polar amino acid like valine, the structural conformation of the protein changes thereby disrupting its function which takes place in case of the disease sickle cell anemia.

So, option E is the answer.

In case of option A, B, mutation would not have much effect. Option C is not the case. Option D would also not be a much severe mutation.

16. Options B, C and D occur only in eukaryotic gene expression. Poly A tail is also added to prokaryotic mRNA but it is very small. But option E occurs only in prokaryotic gene expression as they do not have a definite separate nucleus. In eukaryotes, mRNA undergoes post transcriptional modification and then it undergoes ribosome binding and translation.

So, option E is the answer.

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