The DNA Comparision is below: Phylogenetic Trees Phylogenetic trees are a graphi

Question

The DNA Comparision is below:

Phylogenetic Trees Phylogenetic trees are a graphical representation of the evolutionary relationship between different taxonomic groups. Taxons can represent different phyla, families, species, etc. C is the outgroup to A and B A and 6 are sister groups DESCENDENTS taxon A taxon B taxon C of A and B ANCESTOR Monophyletic group or a clade is a group that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor, both extant and extinct. Look at the three phylogenetic trees below and try to explain what paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups are. B Group I E Group 11 E Group II! (b) Paraphyletic group (e) Polyphyletic group (a) Monophyletic group (clade) 49

Explanation / Answer

Answer for page 1:

Paraphyletic group: paraphyletic group is a group of organisms that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants. In paraphyletic groups, some individuals have a common origin(e.g D&E) but it is grouped with another group(F) which is having a different ancestor. But all the three groups (D,E & F) had a common ancestor long back.

Polyphyletic group: Polyphyletic group consists of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor. In polyphyletic groups, some individual groups like(D,E) & (F,G) with common origins is grouped with (C) whose ancestor is different. That means individuals of many phylogenies were grouped together. All the individual groups had a common ancestor very long back..

Answer for page 2:

Taxon 1 - Homo sapiens

Taxon 2 - Homo erectus

Taxon 3 - Homo habilis

Q.no 1) Here, Homo sapiens is considered as outgroup.

Q.no 2) The bottom box represents Australopithecus.

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