thermal expansion 524 troposphere 509 forcings 513 geoengineering 527 global war
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thermal expansion 524 troposphere 509 forcings 513 geoengineering 527 global warming potential 515 greenhouse gases 512 weather 508 Testing Your Knowledge 1. What is the difference between weather and climate? 2. What is albedo? Give an example of an object with (a) high albedo and (b) low albedo. 3. In what way do greenhouse gases warm the planet? 4. How do volcanoes affect the Earth's temperature? 5. Describe three pieces of evidence that climate is changing. 6. What are the two main causes of sea-level rise? 7. How do scientists use ice cores to determine past temperatures? 8. Why doesn't increasing CO2 lead to increased plant growth in the long term? 9. What are the two approaches to geoengineering? 10. What is a climate feedback? Give an example of a negative feedback. I1. Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the atmosphere from the ground up? a. stratosphere, mesosphere, troposphere, thermosphere b. thermosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere c. troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere d stratosphere, troposphere, mesosphere, thermosphere atmosphere? 12. What would the temperature of the Earth be if there were noExplanation / Answer
5. The three pieces of evidence are :
a)CO2 in the atmosphere- : Carbon dioxide made up 81 percent of the United States’ greenhouse gas emissions in 2014. Fossil fuels and certain chemical reactions produce this odorless, colorless gas—a gas that traps heat in the atmosphere. Despite sinks that remove CO2 from soil, forests, and the ocean, industrial-era emissions mean that CO2 levels are the highest they have ever been in hundreds of millions of years.
b)Droughts :- 12.2 percent of the United States is currently impacted by drought, with 0.34 percent of the United States currently in a D-3 “extreme drought.” 89 million people in the United States are currently impacted.
c)Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL)-Melting ice and a warming ocean mean more water and a rising sea level. Though the global sea level is also affected by short-term climate phenomena and geographic factors, it is closely linked to temperature. Sea levels rose consistently throughout the 20th century, leaving coastal regions more vulnerable to flooding, storm surges, and salt water seeping into freshwater aquifers and affecting plant and animal habitats. The current rate of change of the global mean sea level is a rise of 3.4 mm/year.
6.There are two main causes of sea level rise:
a. As air temperatures rise (due to climate change) the water in the oceans is warmed and expands. This process is called thermal expansion.
b. As ice sheets and glaciers melt, they increase the amount of water in the oceans.
7.Glacier ice is formed as each year's snow is compacted under the weight of the snows of later years. Light bands correspond to the relatively fresh, clean snows that fall in the summer when warmer conditions bring more moisture and precipitation. Dark bands mark the polar winter season, when little new snow falls on these frigid deserts and blowing snow is mixed with dust, discoloring the white snow. The layers are only millimeters to centimeters thick. Counting the yearly layers can date them. The oxygen in the water molecules also holds a key to past climate. Scientists are able to use the oxygen atoms in the glacial ice as a proxy for air temperature above the glacier.
8.It is possible to help increase the growth of some plants with extra CO2, under controlled conditions, inside of greenhouses. It is based on this that 'skeptics' make their claims. However, such claims are simplistic. They fail to take into account that once you increase one substance that plants need, you automatically increase their requirements for other substances. It also fails to take into account that a warmer earth will have an increase in deserts and other arid lands which would reduce the area available for crops. And plants cannot live on CO2 alone. They get their bulk from more solid substances like water and organic matter. This organic matter comes from decomposing plants and animals or from man made fertilizers.
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