The Stromboli Volcano is presently erupting. Based on information about this vol

Question

The Stromboli Volcano is presently erupting. Based on information about this volcano reported at volcano.si.edu write an essay which explains how society has been or could be affected by geological processes at 8.65ºN 98.25ºE (copy and paste these coordinates in the 'Fly to' field of Google Earth). Begin your essay by stating the location of your study area and outlining the structure of your essay. Describe the plate tectonic stetting of your study area (e.g. plate or plate boundary, plate name/s, type of boundary). Describe the regional geology of your study area (e.g. main rock type/s, geological structures). Describe any geological resources (e.g. fossil fuels, building materials, ores, and gemstones) and hazards (e.g. volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides) which could affect your study area. Conclude your essay with a bullet point summary of your findings.

Explanation / Answer

Stromboli is a small island/volcano in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the north coast of Sicily, and is one of the three active volcanoes in Italy. It is one of the eight Aeolian Islands. It is known as the “Lighthouse of the Mediterranean” for its mildly explosive eruptions. Stromboli stands 926 metres above sea level and rises over 2000 metres above sea floor. It is a stratovolcano. GEOLOGIST What causes it to erupt/tick?

For many years, scientists had thought that the main cause of these explosive eruptions of Stromboli were very big bubbles, almost the size of a swimming pool, travelling through a few hundred metres of molten magma before erupting at the surface of the Earth. But they may have been wrong, according to a graduate student in MIT's Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Jenny Suckale. Suckale said that this theory isn’t compatible with the basic laws of fluid dynamics or the science of how fluid moves. Suckale thinks that the eruptions are caused by a sponge like plug located within the pipe, similar to a cork in a champagne bottle, that fractures every few minutes as a result of pressure created by significantly smaller bubbles. What types of eruptions does it have?

The types of eruption the volcano Stromboli explosive eruptions, and some eruptions can be quiet. Its said to have an eruption after every 20 to 30 minutes. What types of lava?

The lava does not flow easily because it is viscous which means it is high in silica. Therefore, it has a strombolian eruption with a rhyolite flow and felsic lava that erupts with bubbles of gas. Formation

Stromboli has emerged from the sea around 100,000 years ago. It is above a subduction zone, where one of the large plates that make up the Earth's surface in this case the African plate is being forced under another plate in this case the Eurasian plate. The African plate melts in the extremely high temperature of the Earth's mantle and molten rock is forced upward, emerging from the volcano as lava. Over time, lava built up around the crater of Stromboli, bringing it above sea level to form the cone-shaped island. ECOLOGIST TOUR GUIDE What makes your volcano unique?
Stromboli volcano is unique because...
* it is one of the most active volcanoes in the world
* it is famous for its normally small, but regular explosions throwing out glowing lava from several vents inside its summit crater.
* it has lots of tourists that visit to see the eruptions
some eruptions are brief and small bursts of glowing lava fragments to heights of 100-200 m above the craters.
* Small explosive strombolian eruptions, typically every 20-30 mins.
* the Stromboli is a volcano/island
* around 500-850 people live their* Where is it?
The Stromboli is a small island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the north coast of Sicily, containing one of the three active volcanoes in Italy. How big is it?
Stromboli volcano is 900 m high volcano itself and has a very small size of only 12.6 square kilometres. its base begins over 1000 meters below the surface of the Tyrrhenian Sea and it rises to an elevation of 924 meters above sea level. When has it erupted?

The stromboli has erupted many times for about 2,000-3,000 times. some recent eruption are...
* 2011 Eruptions- eruptions occurring from several vents. with eruptions producing lava up to 200 m high, 2-4 times per hour.
* 2009 Eruptions~ Eruptions continue at Stromboli volcano in October 2009.
* 2008 Eruptions~ In June there were four active vents, producing eruptions about twenty times per hour.
* 2007 Flank eruption~ i7th February 2007 and continued to at least 15th March.
* 2002-2003 Flank eruption and Tsunami- On 28 December * 2002 a lava flow started in the summit area, and continued until 22nd July 2003. the tsunamis hit the villages of Stromboli and Ginostra. Safety
To stay away from active volcanoes
If you live near an active volcano, keep goggles and a mask in an emergency kit, along with a flashlight and a working, battery-operated radio.
Know all your routes if there is an emergency
Make sure to wear safety clothing Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pant etc.
Watch out for rock falls and avalanches when climbing the crater.
Leave the area if it becomes dangerous.
Do not approach lava flowing through vegetation.
Travel with a guide/volcanologist experienced in the local conditions.
Take the correct equipment Helmet, maps, compass, GPS, food, water, suitable clothing, gloves stromboli in action!!! stromboli volcano Impact on wildlife/economy and human activity

Originally, the people living in the island profited from fishing and agriculture. Agriculture, including fig and vine crops, thrived on the slopes of the volcano. Today, the effects of constant eruptions and lava flows have reduced agriculture on the island to almost zero. People can be killed due to the volcano’s sudden eruptions. The climb up to the volcano can be dangerous for tourists as well, due to frequent rock falls. Tsunamis also pose a threat to the villages. In 2002, two tsunamis were caused by landslides, damaging both villages and causing several injuries. Impact on atmosphere and weather

Eruptions of Stromboli release such gases that can affect the atmosphere and pollute the air. Stromboli also releases ash that injects dust into the atmosphere. The volcano is also subject to debris avalanches that, when they reach the sea, can produce tsunamis. Has your volcano impacted the surrounding environment?
Yes, the Stromboli volcano has impacted the surrounding environment by the eruption it causes. Some of the effect are...
The first is how the weather near an erupting volcano is being affected.
The second is how large eruptions will affect the weather/climate around the world.
Some of the bad ways are that houses, buildings, roads and fields can get covered with ash.
the eruption can pollute the water, air, animals, living thing, people, plants, etc.
A volcano spews materials such as ash and rock over the local vicinity.
lots of resources found on island/volcano can be not be allowed
lots of people might not live.

Historical accounts of Stromboli eruptions do not go back more than 500 years, but they can be considered complete only in the last 120 years, since the beginning of modern volcanological studies. The known tsunamis are all associated with eruptions included in the complete portion of the Stromboli eruption data set. They occurred concomitantly with the major explosions of Stromboli, and generally are events with damaging potential for local structures, but not in the far field. Here they can produce only slight oscillations of the sea level detectable by instruments, but likely to pass unnoticed by people. Albeit the association of tsunamis and volcanic activity is certain, the generating mechanism of the tsunami is unclear, except for waves killing some people in 1930 that were undoubtedly produced by hot avalanches entering the sea north of San Bartolo in the northern coast. This lack of understanding is a drawback that has to be overcome and future research should explore the possible direct causes of the tsunami, focusing at least on two possible mechanisms. The conjecture that they are due to small submarine landslides mobilised by the eruptions should be verified by on-field investigations aiming at finding the plausibility of sediment accumulation taking place at shallow sea depth on the marine flanks of the volcanic cone all around the island and at quantifying their thickness and stability. The further hypothesis that tsunamigenesis is due to the overpressure induced on the sea surface by the collapse of the eruptive column (invoked by Ponte, 1921 to explain the 1919 tsunami) should also be tested by numerical models combining the simulation of the formation, ascent and collapse of the column with the simulation of the ensuing tsunami. An example of such modeling applied to exploring the tsunami potential of light pyroclastic flows moving seaward from the Vesuvius crater is provided by the work by Tinti et al. (2003). Very big tsunamis can be generated at Stromboli by the lateral collapse of the volcanic edifice. These are extraordinary events that are quite likely on the geological time scale, since they repeated at least four times in the last 13 ka, with features that are more or less similar. They involved the northwestern flank with typical volumes on the order of 1 km3 . The last one was the responsible of the present scar named Sciara del Fuoco that collects all the present activity ejecta, channelling them to the sea. We have modelled the landslide by means of a numerical code based on the Lagrangian approach, that considers the sliding body as a linear chain of contiguous interacting blocks and computes the motion of all the blocks, that is assumed to occur along a common prescribed path. We take the same body geometry, the same sliding surface geometry and the same physical parameters to describe the forces acting on the blocks that were used in previous simulations performed by Tinti et al. (2000), and make use of an enhanced version of the numerical code. The results obtained here are expectedly quite close to the previous finding: the slide is very fast and reaches a speed of more than 60 m/s in about 40 s, keeping it for the next 60 s and then slowing down gradually. Sensitivity analysis performed by Tinti et al. (2000) showed that varying the dissipation coeffi- cient give rise to faster or slower slides, but that the feature of a body experiencing a large positive acceleration at the intial stage and then a comparatively smaller negative acceleration is common to all cases. The tsunami has been studied in the near-field around Stromboli by solving the longwave hydrodynamic equations over a very fine grid with a resolution much better than the one used in previous computations (the number of nodes and elements is more than doubled). The main finding confirms that the tsunami generated has the potential to cause a large catastrophe along the Stromboli coasts. The main features of the near-field tsunami can be summarised in the following points:

1. The most efficient tsunamigenic phase is the first stage of the body motion, when the underwater displacement occurs at shallow depth, and two favouring factors concur simultaneously: (i) the body speed is approaching the longwave celerity (and the Froude number approaches the critical value of (1); (ii) the transfer function, allowing one to compute the forcing term from the transient bottom topography changes induced by the landslide, is not too far from unity.

2. The main system of waves radiates outward from the source and moves at high speed offshore. Its typical signature offshore is the sequence of a positive leading crest, a larger trough and a second smaller crest.

3. The tsunami travels around the island of Stromboli very slowly in form of a set of edge waves with very steep fronts, that give rise to a long tail of oscillations in the computed marigrams.

4. The maximum positive and negative signals are computed in the northwestern coast, which is the one involved by the collapse. The entire coastline is attacked by giant waves with height larger than 20 m and exceeding 60 m in some places between Ginostra and Malpasseddu.

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