Essay questions: 1. Explain stages of food processing. 2. Complete explanation o

Question

Essay questions: 1. Explain stages of food processing. 2. Complete explanation of blood glucose homeostasis. 3. Mammalian/ Human circulatory pathway ( path of blood through heart, pulmonary and systemic circuits, where blood is oxygenated and deoxygenated. Essay questions: 1. Explain stages of food processing. 2. Complete explanation of blood glucose homeostasis. 3. Mammalian/ Human circulatory pathway ( path of blood through heart, pulmonary and systemic circuits, where blood is oxygenated and deoxygenated. 1. Explain stages of food processing. 2. Complete explanation of blood glucose homeostasis. 3. Mammalian/ Human circulatory pathway ( path of blood through heart, pulmonary and systemic circuits, where blood is oxygenated and deoxygenated.

Explanation / Answer

1. Explain stages of food processing.

Ans: The four stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination or egestion.

Ingestion: This is the process of taking food inside the mouth, chewing by teeth and breaking it into the smaller pieces. The saliva secretion will help to lubricate the food which is chemically breakdown by the enzymes and swallowing the food for digestion. This smooth food is called as bolus which will move to the esophagus to the stomach fr digestion.

Digestion: The food will be mechanically breakdown in the stomach with the help of enzymes pepsin which breaks the protein of the food. The food fats will be breakdown in the small intestine with the help of bile salts which is produced by gall bladder of liver. Further the food proteins will be breakdown by the enzymes trypsin secreted by small intestine and also pancreas enzymes helps to breakdown the others carbohydrates and fats. This kind of digested food is called as Chyme.

Absorption: The chyme food will be absorbed by the finger like cells lining which is called villi of the small intestine, The food nutrients will cross the intestinal lining into the blood stream and it will move from the blood to the body tissues, where it will be stored for energy.  

Elimination or Egestion: The balanced content of the food which cannot be digested furthermore in the large intestine including fibres, dead cells will convert into the solid stool. This stool will move to the rectum and expel from the body by anus.

2. Complete explanation of blood glucose homeostasis.

Ans: The  blood glucose homeostasis is to maintain the insulin and glucagon in the organism. The glucose maintain or regulates and act as a signal for insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells. After oxidation, glucose provides energy and stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle.

3. Mammalian/ Human circulatory pathway ( path of blood through heart, pulmonary and systemic circuits, where blood is oxygenated and deoxygenated.

Ans: The  Mammalian/ Human has two circulatory pathway: pulmonary and systemic circuits.The  pulmonary circulation of the blood will be through lungs whereas systemic circulation will be in the rest of the body. The atrium and ventricle of the heart pumps the blood into the blood vessels and continues to circulatory system. The deoxygenated blood enters into top of the right atrium (superior vena cava) and bottom of the  right atrium (inferior vena cava). The blood should not flow back to the atrium for that first deoxygenated blood moves to the right atrium through the artioventricular valve (AV) or tricuspid valve where the ventricles contract and tricuspid valve close the opening of ventricle and atrium and control the blood flow back to the atrium.

During systemic circulation, the oxygenated blood carries to the heart through pulmonary vein which enter into the left atrium. The process of relaxation of  left atrium drains the oxygenated blood into the left ventricles through the  left AV, which has only two  valve and called as bicuspid valve. The contraction of  left ventricles pumped the oxygenated blood into the main artery (aorta).

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