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??? Preview File Edit View Go Tools Window Help Penensi The Secret Life of Fungi-3.pdf (page 1 of 3) Q Search View Zoom Share Highlight Rotate Markup Search missions from thawed permatrost thng a surprsed me is the trate or Change, precbct the overall resporee of Arc says Chrislersen, "Almost from year to year, to global warming, Even basies are lack- likely aecelerate glohal warming we cun see the vegetation changirg ing, such as the precise extent of frozen Some experts, however, predict that the His team caleulated that the shif in peatlands. "So it's difficult to caleulate the methane will be accoempunied by CO and plants is correlated with a rise of between gigatons of carbon they would release if perhaps many gigatons could be released in 22% and 66% in methane production by they all thawed," says Carmill Further com- the fir north overthemext century-The Arc- soil bacteria and plants. Methane measure plicating the forecast is the fact that few tic is likely to be a huge positive feedbuck on monts from the carly 1970s at Stordalen spots in the circumpolar north are studied global warming" Oechel says, citing the fact back the increase. "It's a pretty massive well or u all-a point emphasized in ae that warmer, drier soil releases more C0 change," notes William Reeburgh of the port on permafrost rekased his spring by wamer, weter soil releases more methane, University of California, Irvine. Yet this the U.S. Aretie Research Commission d loss of seow and ice cover mean more solar rays warming the ground Increasing gional temperatures in northern Sweden pdf). That uncertaintymakes any conlu rates of fonest fires could also unleash large had hovered near freezing in recent sion about carbon flux risky, says Chris amounts of carbon. The greening of the Aro decades, rendering the permafrost vulnera- tensen:"I would be hesitant to come up tic may everually ahnorb much of the car- ble to even a slight warning. Tundra in with any major statements saying the Are bn released from oold storage, he says. But colder regions may not be so susceptible, tieis a source or sink Still, he bets that soveral generations of people will sill have even if the most northern, drier Arctic soils to cope with what is shaping up to be a fear All this uncertainty makes it difficult to revert to being a carbon sink, methane fdl loss of penmanenceSTOKSTAD may be a local phenomenon: Average re(www.arctic df The Secret Life of Fungi Once considered pathogers, microscopic fungi that live in soil are shaping plant communities and aiding efforts in environmental restoration makeup of whole communities. All in all, ? suspect that many plarts would not be able to It all started with trufflos In the late 1880particularly phosphorus and nitrogen; the these small and unseen [partners]. says Gennan foresen eager to grow these fugal plares roard them with esergung sugars Marcel van d? Hegdm an ecologist at de delicacies asked a colleague, A.B. Frank, o Ecologists and physiologists are finding Free University Amstendam the Netherlands ntitled folder 2 figure out how they propagate, He under- that mycorrhizac the union of roots and ock the quest and unearthed a hidden world these soil fungi do more than enhance The dirt on mycorrhlzae in which ruffles and other furg? work with plant's mmoral cts. By hinder ng water Fmek was amKng the first to realize tha? plants to create a mutual support network loss and erosion, they impeove the soil. They in contrast to a widely held view soil aren't always harmful. He ury for Frank's scientific descendants to harm from toxic wastes-talents that re- demonstrated this by planting seeds in soil mal e sen? of th, tangles off nga! throuds scanters cxplot to reduce frtilizer use and collocted from png forests, some of which and plant roots that he dug up.nd what remake damaged ecosystem ln adicion, had been sterilised, some le??its natural hay've lcamed is changing the way people new studies are showing that these fungal state. Only in the natural soil did he got a threads link one plant to anothes, transferring big growth of plants," says David Read, an The myortizal species of fungi live nutrients not only among fungi but from ecolog?tatthe University of Sheffield UK. hohlen in the most of the trne. They? plunt to plart as well, shpng the bilapcal About the same time, reenchers were discovering that mycorrhizae were wide sprcad: Borcal, tempenite, alpine, and tropi- cal forests all hve them, as do grasslands and tundras. The fow exceptions were lva fields, strip mines, und places robbed underground. t has taken more than a cenalso protect againet pathogems and dampen dhink about plant ecologs probubly best known for their oadsools thut often pop up next to tree trunks, Less di- verse bu: moe pervaave are the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which never see the light of day. Both types send e-ibosi2015 of topecil or farmland that had been he ly fertilized. And many plants seem to bene- fit from these plant-fingi partmonships works of All told biologists have found the roos of about 80% of plants aro cntwind with mycoerhizal fung "a would be hard to go outside anywhere and pick pny handful of soil and not huve mycorhizac,"says John Klronomos, a soil ecologist at the Univer sity of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. They help plants settle into dumaged areas, such as those destryad hy fire. And their rok ap- pears to be ancient Four hundred million yers 0, when the fint plants colo ind fine threads called mycelia, sometimes up to 20,000 km in 1 cubic meter of soil 17 0525 retraint the reach of plant roots. Be cause oftheirsmal sine, ore- 60th as thin as roots, the threads can get into tight spaces and retrieve hard-to rct m trient. The fung effi- ienthy deliver soil mi Invable benefactors. Microscopic t ng play a key role indis untitled folder Screen Shot

Explanation / Answer

4) Select three scientific questions that have led to understanding the benefits of mycorrhizal fungi?

A) How do mycorrhyzae aid in nutrient dispersal in animal tissues?

C) Why do mycorrhyzae work as fungicide?

E) Can inoculation of soil microorganisms be used as a tool for nature conservation and restoration?

6) Select all fields of study in which fungi will be important?

A) Molecular Biology

B) Botany

D) Restoration ecology

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