1.-For which of the following types of radiation will the equivalent dose be equ
ID: 1489407 • Letter: 1
Question
1.-For which of the following types of radiation will the equivalent dose be equal to the absorbed dose?
protons
X-rays
heavy ions
slow neutrons
2.- A radioactive nuclide of atomic number Z emits an alpha particle, and then the daughter nucleus emits a beta particle. What is the atomic number of the resulting nuclide after both processes?
Z-3
Z-1
Z-2
Z+1
2.- A particular nitrogen atom has 7 protons and 7 neutrons. What is the total mass of these separate particles?
14.1159 u
7.0607 u
7.0509 u
10.0797 u
3.-In an endoergic reaction, which condition is necessary for the reaction to proceed? Let Q = the reaction energy.
The initial kinetic energy of the particles must be greater than .
The initial kinetic energy of the particles must be less than .
The total mass of the particles, when converted to energy, must must be less than .
A high-speed neutron, proton, or other small particle must strike a large nucleus.
4.- How does the natural radioactivity in the smoke from a coal-powered plant compare to that of a properly operating nuclear plant?
The amounts are about the same.
Both amounts are negligible and impossible to measure.
The radioactivity from a nuclear plant is about 100 times greater.
The radioactivity from a coal-powered plant is about 100 times greater.
5.-What is a role of a radioactive tracer?
to break matter apart into smaller pieces
to absorb energy released during radioactive decay
to provide a diagram of the structure of an unstable nucleus
to make a picture of a structure or process possible
Explanation / Answer
1.
The weighing factor is the ratio of the equivalent dose to the absorbed dose. For photons or X-rays, the weight factor is eaul to 1. Thus, equivalent dose is equal to absorbed dose.
Therefore, the correct option is X-rays.
For neutron, the weighing factor ranges from 5 -20 which suggests that equivalent dose is not equal to absorbed dose. Thus, slow neutrons is not the correct option.
For heavy ions, the weighing factor is more than 20 which suggests that equivalent dose is not equal to absorbed dose. Thus, heavy ions is not the correct option.
For protons, the weighing factor is 2 which suggests that equivalent dose is two times equal to absorbed dose. Thus, protons is not the correct option.
2.
The emission of alpha particle decreases the atomic number of nucleus by 2 unit. After alpha particles emission, the atomic number of nucleus is Z -2. For beta emission, the atomic number decrease by 1 unit for beta plus decay and increases atomic by 1 unit for beat minus decay. After the emission of beta particles, the atomic number of the resulting nuclide after both processes are Z - 2 -1 and Z - 2 + 1. Thus, the atomic number are Z – 3 and Z - 1.
Therefore, the correct options are Z – 3 and Z – 1.
2.
Mass of single proton is
mp = 1.0073 u
Mass of neutron is
mn = 1.0087 u
he total mass of these separate particles is
m = 7 mp + 7 mn
= 7 (1.0073 u) + 7 (1.0087 u)
= 14.1099
It is nearest approximation to 14.1159 u given in the question.
Therefore, the correct option is 14.1159 u.
3.
Endoergic reaction is the reaction in which heat is required to initiate a reaction. Thus, the kinetic energy of the particles must be greater than the reaction energy Q.
Therefore, the correct option is the initial kinetic energy of the particles must be greater than.
In normal reaction like fission nuclear reaction, a particle must strike heavy nucleus to start a reaction. Thus, the statement that “A high-speed neutron, proton, or other small particle must strike a large nucleus” is not realted with endoergic reaction.
4.
The natural radioactivity in the smoke from a coal-powered plant does not have much protection and not absorbed any radioactivity. For an operating nuclear reactor, it is highly protected and absorbed most of the radioactive radiation using lead shields. Thus, coal powered plant have more natural radioactivity than the nuclear power plant.
Therefore, the correct option is the radioactivity from a coal-powered plant is about 100 times greater.
5.
Radioactive tracers are radioactive substances which are used to trace or measure a structure or a process possible. The radiation emitted from radioactive tracer is passed through the structure or process. The result of the radiation after reacting with the structure or process can be studied.
Therefore, the correct option is to make a picture of a structure or process possible.
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