Tumor-promoting mutations are described as being either gain-of-function or loss

Question

Tumor-promoting mutations are described as being either gain-of-function or loss-of function. Describe the effects of both classes of tumor-promoting mutations on the cell cycle and apoptosis.

Explanation / Answer

Answer: Overactivity Mutation {Gain of Function} ~Proto-oncogene --> Oncogene ~Mutation on one chromosome leading to cell abnormality. ~Still contains some tumor suppression activity. ~The weaker form of the two. The cell cycle is somewhat screwed in terms of the checkpoints, resulting in the production of abnormal cells. However, there is still the apoptotic regulation to compensate for the damage done. Underactivity Mutation {Loss of Function} ~Mutations on both chromosomes leading to cell abnormality. ~Elimination of tumor suppressor genes. ~Much more deadly such that the cell now fully produces mutations with no cell-cycle checkpoints. Apoptosis is also eliminated such that the cell can no longer die on its own. At this point, you're in trouble...

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