When is there not a “one to one correspond between genes and proteins?” Why are

Question

When is there not a “one to one correspond between genes and proteins?”

Why are males more vulnerable to genetic disorders than females?

Which prenatal procedure is the least invasive? Which is the most invasive?

Little Gilbert, a six year old, is active and alert. He loves to explore new experiences. He likes to run, yell, make new friends, play with any animal he sees, asks endless questions, and tries any experiment which comes to mind including seeing if cats can swim. His parents and siblings, however, seem to have a different genetic composition (hint). They are quiet, hate noise, like to sit and read or discuss ideas. Little Gilbert has discovered that the people who live next door love noise, excitement, and have already discovered through experiments that cats have limited appreciation of swimming. He tends to spend a lot of time with his friends next door. What terms should be used to classify the correlation between Little Gilbert and his neighbors?

Explanation / Answer

A. Of course it is one of the fundamentals of biochemistry that gene sequences code for protein sequences, but there are some aspects of some proteins that are not gene-encoded.quaternary structure, prosthetic groups, and post-translational modifications.

Quaternary structures arise from the association of protein molecules with each other. Homo-oligomers are made up of multiple copies of the same protein monomer. Tubulin is one example. Hetero-oligomers are made up of several different proteins, referred to as subunits. Hemoglobin, for example, is made up of 2 copies of each of 2 proteins.

Prosthetic groups are non-protein components that are covalently attached to proteins and perform specific functions. For example, the heme in hemoglobin binds oxygen.

Post-translational modifications are (usually) enzyme-catalyzed covalent modifications of proteins. Examples include proteolytic processing and attachment of carbohydrates.

B .Females have two X chromosomes and males only have one--and this simple fact, along with the occurrence of what geneticists call mosaicism, may not only explain why women are less susceptible than men to certain genetic diseases, but also may account for the female prevalence in the incidence of other conditions and even sex differences in behavior. The sex chromosomes, known as X and Y, determine the sex of a child and may also offer additional explanations for sex differences in disease.

Females are born with two X chromosomes, one from each parent, and males inherit one X chromosome from their mothers and one Y chromosome from their fathers. More than 1,000 genes reside on the X chromosome and are therefore known as X-linked genes. In contrast, the Y-chromosome carries the instructions for male development and little else--probably fewer than 100 genes in all--and lacks working copies of many of the X-linked genes.

Having only one copy of X-linked genes (one allele) makes males more vulnerable to deleterious mutations that adversely affect the function encoded by these genes, certainly more vulnerable than females with two copies (two alleles). If his mutated allele is defective, a male cannot perform the function encoded by that gene. Yet the same mutated allele is usually less deleterious to a female, because she has a normal functioning copy (on the other X chromosome). This is why so many male-only diseases are attributable to defective genes on the X chromosome.Such diseases include Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemophilia and Hunter syndrome, which causes dwarfing, abnormal bones and mental retardation in males but usually does not affect females who carry the same mutated gene.

C.One of the least invasive prenatal procedures is ULTRASONOGRAPHY and one of the most invasive procedures includes CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING.

d. Why the chil is different from the rest of the family members is that each parent actually has two different sets of genes. And that each parent passes only half of their genes to their child. And that the half that gets passed down is random.

Related Questions

Navigate

• Browse (All)
• Browse W
• Subjects

Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.