This subject is Antropology. I am hard to write long answers please write long a

Question

This subject is Antropology. I am hard to write long answers please write long answer.
Thank you.

SES: Investigate and illuminate (draw/diagram/print, label, and describe) the historicai development and adaptive significance of each of the following anatomical systems present in modern HORSES. Pelage (hair/fur: vibrissae, insulation, protection, protective coloration) Olfactory system (nostrils, turbinal bones, Jacobson's organ, olfactory bulb of brain, etc.) Tactile system (vibrissae, lips, tongue, etc.) Auditory system (pinnae, ear tube, ear drum, ear ossicles, inner ear (especially the cochlea) Visual system (eyes: pupil, lense, retina, tapetum lucidum, etc. ALSO: orbit placement, visual field, etc.) Masticatory system (lips, tongue, jaws, jaw muscles, dentition (Incisors, canines, premolars, molars) otc.) Unguligrade locomotor system (pectoral girdle-front limb, pelvic girdle, hind limb, lumbar vertebrae, etc.)

Explanation / Answer

   ANS 1) Coat is the nature and quality of a mammal's pelage. In the animal fancy, coat is an attribute that reflects the quality of a specimen's breeding as well as the level of the animal's care, conditioning, and management. The pelage of a show animal may be divided into different types of hair, fur or wool with a texture ranging from downy to spiky. The animal may be single-coated or may have a number of coats, such as an undercoat and a topcoat . ..

ANS 2)The olfactory system, or sense of smell, is the part of the sensory system used for smelling mammals have a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects airborne substances, while the accessory system senses fluid-phase stimuli.The senses of smell and taste are often referred to together as the chemo sensory system, because they both give the brain information about the chemical composition of objects through a process called transduction.

The peripheral olfactory system mainly consist of the nostrils, ethmoid bone, nasal cavity, and the olfactory epithelium . The primary components of the layers of epithelial tissue are the mucous membranes, olfactory glands, olfactory neurons, and nerve fibersof the olfacactory nerves

Odor molecules can enter the peripheral pathway and reach the nasal cavity either through the nostrils when inhaling through the throat when the tongue pushes air to the back of the nasal cavity while chewing or swallowing Inside the nasal cavity, mucus lining the walls of the cavity dissolves odor molecules. Mucus also covers the olfactory epithelium, which contains mucous membranes that produce and store mucus and olfactory glands that secrete metabolic enzymes found in the mucus

The main olfactory bulb transmits pulses to both mitral and tufted cells, which help determine odor concentration based off the time certain neuron clusters fire . These cells note differences between highly similar odors & use that data to aid in later recognition. The cells are different with mitral having low firing-rates and being easily inhibited by neighboring cells, while tufted have high rates of firing and are more difficult to inhibit.

ANS3 ) sensory System or Tactile System, includes multiple types of sensation from the body - light touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and joint and muscle position sense These receptorsare; light touch pressure , temperature &Pain.

Tactile sensitivity or hypersensitivity is an unusual sensitivity to touch that makes the person feel peculiar, noxious, or even in pain. It is also called tactile defensiveness or tactile other sensory processing issues,tactile sensitivity can run from mild to severe.

The senses are an important part of what makes horses behaviorally distinct. They are the tools that a horse uses to interact with its environment. ... Animals, like humans, have five basic senses: vision, audition , olfaction , gustation and touch.
ANS 4) It also includes two muscles, the oval window, and the eustachian tube ie a small tube that connects the middle ear with the back of the nose, allowing air to enter the middle ear. The inner ear is a complex structure that includes the cochlea and the vestibular system Horses can hear low to very high frequency sound, in the range of 14 Hz to 25 kHz (human range= 20 Hz to 20 kHz). Horses' ears can move 180 degrees using 10 different muscles (compared to three muscles for the human ear) and are able to single out a specific area to listen to.Although small, the ears are one of a horse's greatest assets, and it is important to understand how they work.
1) Horses can detect sounds as far as 4km away. 2) The ability to hear higher frequencies means horses can detect the ultrasonic shriek of a bat, which is inaudible to a person's ear.

.A horse can literally smell dangerTails go high as a signal the horses are off & running in a flash. Horses also relate to their immediate environment through their sense of smell. They greet each other nose to nose and recognize each other by scent & by sight.

The way emotions are processed in the human brain is different from the horse because of the compartmentalization of the horse's brain. As humans, we have the ability to reason why we feel a particular way. Horses simply feel emotion because they don't have the ability to rationalize the feeling.

ANS 5) Masticatory muscle physiology is evaluated mostly from electromyographic recordings. Electromyography coupled with jaw-tracking devices has provided much more information of the correlation between jaw movements and muscle activity. Knowledge of how the mandible moves during mastication has greatly influenced procedures in clinical dentistry. Mastication is the action of breaking down of food, preparatory to deglutition. This breaking-down action is highly organized complex of neuromuscular and digestive activities. The duration & forces developed in the power stroke vary within & between individuals and for the type of the food being chewed. The observation of masticatory movements may be of diagnostic value for assessing disorders of the stomatognathic system, As there is not clear evidence to show significant differences. The action of masticatory muscles during chewing varies between subjects in amplitude, onset timing, & duration of the chewing cycle. as in tooth guidance has an enormous influence on muscle activity during chewing and swallowing, it advisable to make restorations compatible with the functional movement patterns of the patient rather than expect the patterns of the mastication to adapt to the new made restorations.

ANS 6) Unguligrade Applied to a gait in which only the tips of the digits, covered with hoofs, touch the ground. The limbs are moved as a whole by the action of shoulder and hip muscles.

the feet. The pigis called unguligrade because it walks on its hooves. Humans are plantigrade because we walk on the entire soles of the foot. Dogs and cats are digitigrade because they walk on their digits.

Related Questions

Navigate

• Browse (All)
• Browse T
• Subjects

---

---

Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.