8. What is the first messenger in immune cell activation? 9. What is the target

Question

8. What is the first messenger in immune cell activation?


9. What is the target enzyme in immune cell activation?


10. What are the second messengers utilized in immune cell activation?


11. What are the proteins that are mainly responsible for the response of immune cells? (i.e. the proteins at the END of the signal transduction pathway that do work for the cell)


12. Is energy required for the Ca2+ pump? Is energy required for the ion channel-linked receptor? If so, what kind of energy?


13. What are interleukins and prostaglandins?


14. Why does aspirin reduce fever?




15. Why is it safer to overlap NSAIDs and acetaminophen in contrast to doubling the amount of NSAID or acetaminophen you are taking? Explain.

Explanation / Answer

13) Interleukins and prostaglandins fall under the category of eicosanoids, both being derived from arachidonic acid. Interleukins are cytokines, or molecules involved in cell to cell signaling which may involve the inflammatory response, regulation of cell growth, and degree of immune response. Prostaglandins are thought to contribute to pathways involved in inflammation, pain signalling, platelet aggregation among others. 14) Aspirin acts as a COX (cyclicoxygenase) inhibitor which prevents the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins being key mediators in pain pathways and inflammation. Your questions on immune responses are very general. For instance there are many types of immune cells with different modes of activation, so to there is no general answer for 8,9, 10.

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