2. ____In the Mediterranean climate zone of the Bay Area, during most years the
ID: 161407 • Letter: 2
Question
2. ____In the Mediterranean climate zone of the Bay Area, during most years the water table is likely to be higher (closer to the surface) in winter.
a. True b. False
3. _____Because groundwater doesn’t flow; groundwater contamination is relatively easy to control. a. True b. False
4. The Amazon River in Brazil has the largest freshwater discharge in the world. Briefly explain the likely reasons (more than one) why this river contains so much fresh water. (Note: Be specific and informative in your answer. An answer such as, “Because it is a big river” is circular, in that it states the river has a lot of water because the river has a lot of water, which is not informative.)
5. Briefly explain why lakes resulting from internal drainage are usually salty.
6. ____Which of the following is the energy source for the work that streams do?
a. gravity c. infiltration
b. latent heat of evaporation d. moon’s gravitational “pull”
7 ______Which of the following are deposition features of a meandering stream?
a. delta c. cut bank e. all but c
b. natural levee d. flood plain soil`
8. Stream gradient is the average elevation change of the stream between two points, expressed in feet per mile (or meters per kilometer). Calculate the stream gradient from the headwaters at 4200 feet above sea level to a reservoir with an elevation of 2200 feet. The distance between these two points is 40 miles. The correct answer is expressed in feet (of elevation change) per mile (of horizontal distance).
Show your calculations.
12. Briefly explain why snow is such an important form of precipitation for drinking water in the East Bay, where it seldom snows. (2 points)
______________________________________________________________________
13. ______Fresh water in California is seasonal and regional. By what means is Northern California water transported stored and transported in order to assure more reliable year-round fresh for summer crop irrigation and for domestic use in the much drier regions of Southern California?
a. Huge federal and state funded construction of dams and aqueducts
b. Water pumped from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta into aqueducts
c. Electrically powered pumps to move water over the Tehachapi Mountains at the southern end of the Central Valley
d. Truck transport of snow from the Sierra Nevada Mountains to southern California
e. All except d.
14. ______Which of the following were major impacts of the 1849 California Gold Rush on streams in California?
a. Sediment deposition from placer mining d. all of the above
b. Sediment deposition from unregulated logging e. a and c only
c. Increased demand for agricultural water
15. ____What is the most important reason that the populations of salmon have drastically declined in California streams? Only one letter choice is correct. (1 point)
a. Water pollution from manufacturing
b. Dams blocking access to spawning areas
c. Pumping fresh water from the delta
d. Overfishing of salmon during the ocean phase of their lifecycle.
16. ___Glaciers are slowly moving rivers of ice, same as streams: Which of the following are not deposition features of glaciers:
a. debris pile at the end of the glacier
b. rocks and gravel on the sea floor of polar regions
c. raised sinuous ridges that were formerly stream channels under the continental ice sheet
d. U-shaped valley
17. According to the Milankovitch hypothesis, what general factors result in periodic ice ages?
a. Slow wobble of Earth’s axis (Over very long time, the axis doesn’t always point toward Polaris)
b. Slow oscillation in the shape and orientation of Earth’s elliptical orbit
c. Slow change in the axis tilt (The axis tilt is not always 23.5)
s. All of the above
e. None of the above
18. Oceans cover approximately how much of the Earth’s surface? (1 point)
70% b. 50% c. 30%
19. Where on the sea floor are abyssal plains located and why are abyssal plains so flat?
(2 points)
20. Ocean swell is generated by: (1 point)
a. Storms over the ocean b. Tides c. Surface currents d. Coriolis Effect
_______________________________________________________________________
21. Briefly explain why breakers tend to form parallel to the beach, even though the swell may arrive at an angle to the beach? (2 points)
22. Under which circumstances do the highest tides occur? (1 point)
a. When the sun, moon and earth are lined up in a straight line (full moon and new moon)
b. With the earth in the center, when the sun and moon are at right angles to each other (first quarter and second quarter)
c. They occur at random times throughout the month
d. They only occur during high sun angle seasons.
23. Because of the presence of continents and the shapes of ocean basins, the tide sequence varies from place to place. Over a 24-hour period, what types of tides are found along the California Coast? (1 point)
One high tide and one low tide
Two equal high tides and two equal low tides
Two unequal high tides and two unequal low tides
Two high tides and one low tide
24. Sunlight only penetrates about 100 meters into the ocean. What is the importance of the sunlit zone?
a. Only zone in the ocean where photosynthesis takes place d. All of the above
b. Zone where oxygen is added to the water e. a. and b. only
c. Important source of nutrients for deep ocean organisms
_______________Bonus Question_ ______________________
B-1. Rip currents are dangerous. Besides crying out for help, if you are caught in a rip current, what is the best way to avoid drowning as you attempt to return to shore? ( 2 points)
Explanation / Answer
2. ____In the Mediterranean climate zone of the Bay Area, during most years the
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