Hi there! Could you please help me answer these last 3 questions that I have lef

Question

Hi there! Could you please help me answer these last 3 questions that I have left? Thank you so much in advance! (I have attached the article below for reference.)

1. Briefly describe the biogeographical scenario that led to the secondary contact between these species.

2. Are all types of hybrid pairings equally likely to result in successful offspring? Consider both the lab experiments and field experiments.

3. What reason do the authors give for why selection has been more effective at promoting isolation in the IS population compared to the S population.

Vol 437127 October 2005 doi: 10.1038/nature04004 LETTERS Reinforcement drives rapid allopatric speciation Conrad J. Hoskin', Megan Higgie', Keith R. McDonald2 & Craig Moritz Allopatric speciation results from geographic isolation between Although the role of reinforcing natural selection in driving populations. In the absence of gene flow, reproductive isolation allopatric speciation within a lineage has received little attention arises gradually and incidentally as a result of mutation, genetic role in the final stages of speciation between divergent sister drift and the indirect effects of natural selection driving local lineages has had a long and contentious history-some consider that adaptation' s. In contrast, speciation by reinforcement is driven there are compelling examples, whereas others argue that the directly by natural selection against maladaptive hybridization' empirical evidence is generally inconclusive Uncertainty remains because strict criteria must be satisfied to demonstrate the process of This gives individuals that choose the traits of their own lineag greater fitness, potentially leading to rapid speciation between the reinforcement unambiguously first, heterospecific matings occur in lineages' 4. Reinforcing natural selection on a population of one of the field; second, there is selection against hybridization; third, the lineages in a mosaic contact zone could also result in diver- displacement of a trait is perceived by the other sex; fourth, variation gence of the population from the allopatric range of its own n the trait s heritable and responds to selection; and last, displace lineage outside the zone re. Here we test this with molecular ment has not occurred for other reasons, such as ecological diver data, experimental crosses, field measurements and mate choice gence. Demonstrating that this process can complete speciation experiments in a mosaic contact zone between two lineage o f a requires showing that it has resulted in significant reproductive rainforest frog. We show that reinforcing natural selection has solation be ween the lineages. Further, evidence for forcement resulted in significant premating isolation of a population in the pelling thin a well-corroborated historical biogeo S mos contact zone not only fr graphic fra om the other neage but also, incidentally, mework from the close related main range of its own linea Thus we The green-eyed tree-frog Litoria genimacula is a stream-breeding show the potential for reinforcement to drive rapid allopatric hylid frog common in rainforest throughout the Wet Tropics' region of northeast Queensland, Australia. Like many other Wet Tropics speciation. Figure 1 Distribution of the N (pale shading) and S (dark shading lineages ofL.genimaculata. a, The distribution of Nand S and a tree showing genetic divergence (percentage) and the number of individuals with each haplotype b, An Pacific enlargement of the region within the rectangle in Ocean a, showing the mosaic contact between the N and S lineages. The is population shares haplotype with 0.1% net divergence overall) with neat populations from the main range of the S lineag a) but is currently isolated from them (population subdivision statistic Fst 0.20, P y contrast, the N populations are 0.00 Barron River continuous and genetically connected (north 13.1% versus south of Barron River F. 0.0 0.60) through the mosaic contact. 2 is 3 is Northeast 2 is Queensland 4 km 0 50 km 'School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. 2Queensland Parks and wildlife Service, Po Box 97s, Atherton, Queensland 4883, Australia. Mu seum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. 1353 2005 Nature Publishing Group

Explanation / Answer

Answer 1:

The green-eyed tree-frog species of Litoria genimaculata has two highly divergent lineages: The northern (N) and The southern (S). Being highly divergent lineages, it indicated that there was a long term isolation of the northern and southern rainforest refugia during the cooler and drier years of the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs (the geological period that began 5 million years ago)

This isolation of the rainforests of the northern and southern lineages got reconnected around 6500 year ago and therefore resulted in a secondary contact in a suture zone (a zone joining 2 different major zones of separate terranes, tectonic units that have different plate tectonic, metamorphic and paleogeographic histories). This secondary contact zone in the species is a mosaic consisting of the main ‘contact A’, as well as a second contact (B) involving a recent geographical isolate of the S lineage within the range of the N lineage.

Therefore, it is the reconnection of the rainforests around 6500 years ago, that lead to the secondary contact between these species.

Thank you!

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