Hi there! Could you please help me answer these 2 questions? I need them today!

Question

Hi there! Could you please help me answer these 2 questions? I need them today! Thank you so much in advance! (I have attached the article below for reference.)

1. Briefly describe how the male advertisement calls vary across populations. Which Southern population is more different from the Northern species? Why would a change in calls be adaptive?   

2. What reason do the authors give for why selection has been more effective at promoting

Vol 437127 October 2005 doi: 10.1038/nature04004 LETTERS Reinforcement drives rapid allopatric speciation Conrad J. Hoskin', Megan Higgie', Keith R. McDonald2 & Craig Moritz Allopatric speciation results from geographic isolation between Although the role of reinforcing natural selection in driving populations. In the absence of gene flow, reproductive isolation allopatric speciation within a lineage has received little attention arises gradually and incidentally as a result of mutation, genetic role in the final stages of speciation between divergent sister drift and the indirect effects of natural selection driving local lineages has had a long and contentious history-some consider that adaptation' s. In contrast, speciation by reinforcement is driven there are compelling examples, whereas others argue that the directly by natural selection against maladaptive hybridization' empirical evidence is generally inconclusive Uncertainty remains because strict criteria must be satisfied to demonstrate the process of This gives individuals that choose the traits of their own lineag greater fitness, potentially leading to rapid speciation between the reinforcement unambiguously first, heterospecific matings occur in lineages' 4. Reinforcing natural selection on a population of one of the field; second, there is selection against hybridization; third, the lineages in a mosaic contact zone could also result in diver- displacement of a trait is perceived by the other sex; fourth, variation gence of the population from the allopatric range of its own n the trait s heritable and responds to selection; and last, displace lineage outside the zone re. Here we test this with molecular ment has not occurred for other reasons, such as ecological diver data, experimental crosses, field measurements and mate choice gence. Demonstrating that this process can complete speciation experiments in a mosaic contact zone between two lineage o f a requires showing that it has resulted in significant reproductive rainforest frog. We show that reinforcing natural selection has solation be ween the lineages. Further, evidence for forcement resulted in significant premating isolation of a population in the pelling thin a well-corroborated historical biogeo S mos contact zone not only fr graphic fra om the other neage but also, incidentally, mework from the close related main range of its own linea Thus we The green-eyed tree-frog Litoria genimacula is a stream-breeding show the potential for reinforcement to drive rapid allopatric hylid frog common in rainforest throughout the Wet Tropics' region of northeast Queensland, Australia. Like many other Wet Tropics speciation. Figure 1 Distribution of the N (pale shading) and S (dark shading lineages ofL.genimaculata. a, The distribution of Nand S and a tree showing genetic divergence (percentage) and the number of individuals with each haplotype b, An Pacific enlargement of the region within the rectangle in Ocean a, showing the mosaic contact between the N and S lineages. The is population shares haplotype with 0.1% net divergence overall) with neat populations from the main range of the S lineag a) but is currently isolated from them (population subdivision statistic Fst 0.20, P y contrast, the N populations are 0.00 Barron River continuous and genetically connected (north 13.1% versus south of Barron River F. 0.0 0.60) through the mosaic contact. 2 is 3 is Northeast 2 is Queensland 4 km 0 50 km 'School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. 2Queensland Parks and wildlife Service, Po Box 97s, Atherton, Queensland 4883, Australia. Mu seum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. 1353 2005 Nature Publishing Group

Explanation / Answer

1. iS male have diveregent from northen species. IS males are so small due to the sexual selection of iS male call because of the strong relationship between call diveregence and body size. Change in call may be adaptive due to rainforcement.

2. Accirding to author if parentral population area so small such as iS population, then the diluting effect of gene flow from this population is so limited this leads to the speciation. Such speciation limited by isolation of small population on intial contact.

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