I want short answer : 1-what is RECORBORATION 2-water hardness 3-alkalinity dete

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I want short answer : 1-what is RECORBORATION 2-water hardness 3-alkalinity determination 4-chemical oxygen demand 5-biological oxygen demand
Environmental
I want short answer : 1-what is RECORBORATION 2-water hardness 3-alkalinity determination 4-chemical oxygen demand 5-biological oxygen demand
Environmental
1-what is RECORBORATION 2-water hardness 3-alkalinity determination 4-chemical oxygen demand 5-biological oxygen demand
Environmental

Explanation / Answer

1.RECARBONATION : It is a technique of introduces CO2 into the liquid (mainly water) to convert the carbonates into bicarbonates and avoid precipitation of carbonates. It is used in the final stage of softening process (lime soda ash process).The main principle is that, when CO2   is introduced in water, CO2 + H2O ---------------> H2CO3 CaCO3 +H2CO3 ---> Ca(HCO3)2 Water with CO2 and H2CO3 dissolves insoluble CaCO3 into bicarbonate Similarly dissolves Magesium carbonate. 2.WATER HARDNESS: Water coming from the nature basically from acquifers and natural means will have some dissolved minerals like Ca2+ and Mg2+ in it from the rocks like dolomite, gypsum etc., Hardness in water can be of two types 1.Temporary Hardness - which is mainly caused by bicarbonate ions of Calcuim and Magnesium It can be softened by boiling 2. Permanent Hardness - which is caused due to chlorides and sulphides of calcium and magnesium It can be removed by water softening methods. 3.ALKALINITY DETERMINATION: Alkalinity is determined by presence of OH- ions , HCO3-, CO32- It is the measure of acid buffering capacity which means to absorb H+ ions without changing the PH value. Alkalinity of water = (x+y+z)mg/lit of CaCO3 OH- - x mg/lit of CaCO3 CO32-       - y mg/lit of CaCO3 HCO3- - z mg/lit of CaCO3 TEST TO DETERMINE: Titrant : 0.02N H2SO4 Indicators : Phenolphthaline, methyl orange With titration alkalinity can be determined 4.CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND: It is measure of oxygen consumed in decomposition of organic matter as well as oxidation of inorganic matter like ammonia and nitrate. 5.BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND: It is measure of oxygen consumed by only microbial oxidation which can also be used to determine whether water is rich in organic matter. Generally BOD

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